28/6

Question 1

Render
1/ cause to be something [render somebody/something + adj.]
2/ to provide a service, or to give help to someone or something

Answer 1

Render
1/ cause to be something [render somebody/something + adj.]
Adjectives frequently used after render
not useful: ineffective, obsolete, redundant, unusable, useless
Electronic resources can be rendered obsolete by rapidly changing hardware and software.
without meaning or value: invalid, irrelevant, meaningless, worthless
If you do this, your will may be rendered invalid in the eyes of the law.
Copyright protection will be rendered meaningless if it is not backed up by legal enforcement.
difficult or not possible: difficult, impossible
Further attempts were rendered impossible because of the lack of money available.
not able to speak: speechless
I am rendered speechless by the insensitivity of such remarks.
2/ to provide a service, or to give help to someone or something
render something to somebody/something : We are sincerely grateful to everyone who has rendered assistance to the victims of the earthquake.
render something: or services rendered: He received payment for services rendered.
render somebody something to render somebody a service

Question 2

The merits of sth:
on your (own) merits:

Answer 2

The merits of sth: the advantages something has compared to something else:We discussed the merits of herbal tea.
on your (own) merits: according to the qualities you have or have shown, without considering any other information or comparing you to someone else: The committee will consider each applicant on his or her own merits.

Question 3

Virtues of sth:

Answer 3

Virtues of sth: an advantage that makes something better or more useful than something else: Adam Smith believed in the virtues of free trade./ Wilkins is now extolling (=praising very much) the virtues of organic farming.

Question 4

Adjacent (to sth) /əˈdʒeɪs(ə)nt/ SYN neighboring, adjoining, contiguous /kənˈtɪɡ.ju.əs/, bordering

Answer 4

Adjacent (to sth) /əˈdʒeɪs(ə)nt/ SYN neighboring, adjoining, contiguous /kənˈtɪɡ.ju.əs/, bordering
an adjacent area/room/building
adjacent to: The site of the new building is adjacent to the park.

Question 5

Overwhelming: adj SYN intense, immense
1/ much larger, stronger etc than anything else
overwhelming majority: An overwhelming majority voted against his proposal.
overwhelming odds: The odds against them winning seemed overwhelming.
2/ an overwhelming emotion is very strong:
feelings: desire, emotion, feeling, urge
a particular feeling: grief, guilt, joy, sadness

overwhelm –v [T] [often passive]: affect someone’s emotions in a very powerful way

Answer 5

Overwhelming: SYN intense, immense
1/ much larger, stronger etc than anything else
overwhelming majority: An overwhelming majority voted against his proposal.
overwhelming odds: The odds against them winning seemed overwhelming.
Root + N:
numbers or strength: firepower, generosity, majority, odds, preponderance, superiority, vote
acceptance/rejection: consensus, endorsement, opposition, rejection
success: popularity, success, victory
evidence: evidence, impression
response
2/ an overwhelming emotion is very strong:
feelings: desire, emotion, feeling, urge
a particular feeling: grief, guilt, joy, sadness

overwhelm –v [T] [often passive]: affect someone’s emotions in a very powerful way
-USAGE NOTE: Overwhelm is usually passive in all of the n+V combinations shown above:
Tina has lost her son Sam, and is overwhelmed by grief.
-Nouns frequently used as the subject of overwhelm
something someone does: enthusiasm, generosity, kindness, response
We have been overwhelmed by your enthusiasm for Fairtrade.
I have been overwhelmed by the generosity and support of so many people.
feelings or a feeling: emotion, feeling, grief, sadness
Unexpectedly, I had been overwhelmed by emotion on seeing Applecross again.
a quality: beauty
He was so overwhelmed by her beauty he asked Griselidis to marry him.
-Nouns frequently used after overwhelm with
emotion, feeling, gratitude, grief, joy, sadness, sorrow
I was overwhelmed with gratitude at such concern.

Question 6

Surveillance [U] /sə(r)ˈveɪləns/ SYN observation : the process of carefully watching for possible criminal activity
Keep sb under surveillance
surveillance cameras/equipment

Answer 6

Surveillance [U] /sə(r)ˈveɪləns/ SYN observation : the process of carefully watching for possible criminal activity
Keep sb under surveillance

Adjectives frequently used with surveillance
hidden/open: covert, intrusive, overt, undercover
One of the most fundamental themes of the TV series is that covert surveillance is wrong.
continuous or close: 24-hour, close, constant, continuous, round-the-clock
Where 24-hour surveillance is necessary, Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) may be appropriate.
types of surveillance: arial, CCTV, electronic, routine, satellite, video
In video surveillance, we diagnose unusual or suspicious behaviour of people moving in an outdoor scene.
Verbs frequently used with surveillance
carry out surveillance: conduct, keep under, place under, undertake
Their UK Headquarters at Basingstoke was placed under twenty-four hour surveillance.
allow surveillance: authorize, justify
Police had authorised surveillance on the grounds that there was good reason to suppose Barnes was dealing in heroin.
avoid surveillance: evade
It will become impossible to evade surveillance from satellites and sensors.
continue or increase surveillance: enhance, increase, maintain, strengthen
As governments become less popular, they will be tempted to increase their surveillance to suppress the opposition.
carry out surveillance: carry out, conduct, perform
Undercover police officers conduct covert surveillance of people protesting about the Iraq war

Question 7

environment/setting/background : vibes, ambience, flavor, aura /ˈɔːrə/,

Question 8

Tribute /ˈtrɪb.juːt/ [c , u]
1/[C - plural]: (RESPECTFUL ACTION) : floral tributes (= flowers sent to someone’s funeral)
2/ [u] pay tribute to someone/something: to praise someone or something:The minister paid tribute to the men who had fought the blaze.
3/ [u] be a tribute to something/someone (BENEFICIAL EFFECT): His ability to cook and manage a household is a tribute to the training he received from his mother.

Question 9

implication
1/[countable, usually plural] a possible effect or result of an action or a decision
implication (of something) for something The development of the site will have implications for the surrounding countryside.
2/ [C, U] SYN hint, indication: an occasion when you seem to suggest something without saying it directly:
[ + that ] From what she said, the implication was that they were splitting up.
She accused the party and, by implication, its leader too.
3/ [ U ] SYN involvement: the fact of being involved, or of involving somebody, in something, especially a crime
implication (of somebody) (in something): The case depended upon his implication of his co-workers in the fraud.

Question 10

A formal statement: SYN resolution, motion, proposal, directive, convention
[frequently used with verb: adopt/pass/approve]

-(in the US, Australia, France) Senate (the Senate), Senator Vs. the House of Representatives , Congressmen/Congresswomen = Representatives (Rep.)
-(in the UK and Canada): the House of Lords (the Lords) Vs. the House of Commons (the Commons); [the Houses of Parliament: that consists of both side]
-Summit: SYN convention, conference, congress, assembly, meeting
-lawmakers: state/legislative/federal/local assemblies (also Assembly) = parliament (parliamentarian /ˌpɑːləmənˈteəriən/) = the national/state legislature (legislator) [compare the executive, the judiciary /dʒuˈdɪʃəri/]
-election: vote, poll, ballot, referendum
-debate: argument, discourse /ˈdɪskɔːrs/, dispute /ˈdɪspjuːt/, deliberation, dialog, controversy
-disclaim/deny/reject: renounce /rɪˈnaʊns/, repudiate /rɪˈpjuːdieɪt/, disown, disavow /ˌdɪsəˈvaʊ/
-declare/announce: proclaim, pronounce, assert, affirm, state

Question 11

Puberty [u] /ˈpjuːbə(r)ti/: SYN adolescence /ˌædəˈlesns/, teenager years : the period when a child changes physically into an adult
Verbs frequently used with puberty
start puberty: attain, enter, hit INFORMAL, reach
The girls are married off when they reach puberty, often at the age of 12.
be about to start puberty soon: approach
I was now in the period when I was fast approaching puberty.
experience puberty: go through, undergo
Many young people go through puberty and adolescence with few problems; for others it is a time of uncertainty and anxiety.
delay puberty: delay
Excessive exercise tends to delay puberty by about five months for every year of training.
Nouns + of frequently used before puberty
age, onset, sign
This disease mainly affects women, usually just after the onset of puberty.

Adolescence - n
Adolescent /ˌædəˈlesnt/ adj in or relating to the process of developing from a child into an adult: adolescent boys/girls/experiences
Adolescent –n [c]: a young person who is developing from a child into an adult: adolescents between the ages of 13 and 18 and the problems they face

Question 12

compound - VERB –TRANSITIVE /kəmˈpaʊnd/
make a problem or difficult situation worse
Adverbs frequently used with compound
just, merely, only, simply
Then people stop exercising, which only compounds the problem.
Nouns frequently used as the object of compound
problem: difficulty, matter, problem, risk, situation
The matter is compounded when she discovers that she has failed her exams.
negative feeling: confusion, disappointment, fear, feeling, frustration, misery, uncertainty
His disappointment was compounded by his Kate’s refusal to speak to him.
something bad that happens: crisis, disaster, drought, shortage, tragedy
His tragedy was compounded by the fact that his mother died the following day.
USAGE NOTE
-
Compound is usually passive in all of the V+n combinations shown above:
The disaster was compounded when Brian was made redundant.
The situation is compounded by the lack of a shared language.

compound NOUN /ˈkɒmpaʊnd/
a chemical substance with two or more elements
Adjectives frequently used with compound
chemical: chemical
This lesson deals with breaking down a chemical compound using heat.
produced from/not produced from a living thing: inorganic, organic
The rocks contain organic compounds.
existing naturally/made by people: natural, synthetic
To increase the range of colours, synthetic compounds are added.
simple/consisting of different parts: complex, simple
Many simple compounds are liquids or gases at room temperature.
changing or affecting something: active, toxic, volatile
This is a highly toxic compound that is easily absorbed by the body.
Verbs frequently used with compound
produce a compound: create, develop, form, make, produce, synthesize
Compounds are formed when elements join together.
recognize a compound: discover, identify, isolate
Scientists have isolated active compounds with anti-cancer properties.
contain a compound: be composed of, consist of, contain
The rocks contain organic compounds.
Verbs that frequently follow compound
start to exist or develop: be derived from, be found, form, occur
Alum is a compound that occurs naturally in warm, wet climates.
behave: act, behave, interact, react
The tests show how various compounds behave under different conditions.
contain something: be composed of something, consist of something, contain something
The simplest aromatic compound contains at least six atoms of carbon.

Question 13

“Civil” [adj] /ˈsɪvl/ vs “civilian” [adj, n] /səˈvɪliən/
“Civil” is an adjective that describes something related to the state or citizens of a country, or to the behavior of people in polite society. For example, “civil rights” refers to the legal and social rights of citizens, while “civil discourse” refers to polite conversation and behavior.
“Civilian,” on the other hand, is a noun that refers to a person who is not in the military or law enforcement. It can also be used as an adjective to describe things that are not military in nature. For example, a “civilian aircraft” is a non-military airplane.

Question 14

discourse noun /ˈdɪskɔːs/
1/ [countable, uncountable] SYN discussion, debate, argument, consultation, dialogue: (formal) a long and serious treatment or discussion of a subject in speech or writing
academic, critical, cultural discourse: He was hoping for some lively political discourse at the meeting.
2/ discourse on something : [ C ] formal SYNONYM speech, lecture ,address, talk , sermon /ˈsɜːrmən/: a speech or piece of writing about a particular, usually serious, subject:
She gave a discourse on the nature of life after death.

Discourse /dɪsˈkɔːrs/: v
1/discourse on/upon something - phrasal verb: (formal) to talk or give a long speech about something that you know a lot about: He discoursed for hours on the problems of the education system.
2/ discourse with sb: to have a conversation or discussion: Scientists must be prepared to discourse with non-scientists.

Question 15

Aged – adj
1/ [not before noun] : of the age of
volunteers aged between 25 and 40
2/ very old: SYN long-lived, mature, elderly
I’m not sure if my aged car can make it up that hill.

Question 16

the aftermath NOUN [usually SINGULAR] /ˈɑːftə(r)ˌmæθ/: SYN consequence [usually plural], repercussion [usually PLURAL] /ˌriːpəˈkʌʃn/: the effects and results of something bad or important
the storm and its aftermath
the aftermath of: How would they cope with the aftermath of the war?

Question 17

[v + sth to sb] relay SYN cascade, circulate, pass sth on (to sb)

In relays – n [team] [C]: if people do something in relays, one group does it first and then another, so that the activity can continue until it is finished: Rescuers worked in relays to save the trapped miners.

Question 18

Saturate –v [often passive]: to fill something/somebody completely with something so that it is impossible or useless to add any more
be saturated (with/in something) Newspapers were saturated with reports about the royal wedding.

Saturation – n [U]: (often figurative) the state or process that happens when no more of something can be accepted or added because there is already too much of it or too many of them
a business beset by price wars and market saturation (= the fact that no new customers can be found)
saturation bombing of the city (= covering the whole city)
television’s saturation coverage (= so much coverage that it is impossible to avoid or add to it) of the Olympics

saturate the market: to provide too much of a product so that there is more of this product available than there are people who want to buy it:
Since the US market has now been saturated, drug dealers are looking to Europe.

Question 19

penetration [u] the act or process of making a way into or through something
The country has the highest smartphone penetration in Europe.
The floor is sealed to prevent water penetration.

Penetrate
1/ [transitive, intransitive] to go into or through something:
penetrate something The knife had penetrated his chest.
penetrate into/through/to something These fine particles penetrate deep into the lungs.
2/penetrate a market : PHRASE: to succeed in selling products in a market
Honda’s success in penetrating Western motorcycle markets
3/penetrate the mysteries of something PHRASE
to understand the truth about something complicated or mysterious
I’ve never penetrated the mysteries of cricket.

Question 20

invade /ɪnˈveɪd/
1/ [DAMAGE] [transitive] invade something to enter a place in large numbers, especially in a way that causes damage or problems
Demonstrators invaded the government buildings.
2/[PRIVACY] to spoil a situation or quality for another person without thinking about their feelings:
Famous people often find their privacy is invaded by the press.

Invasion
1/ [DAMAGE] the annual tourist invasion
2/[PRIVACY] The actress described the photographs of her as an invasion of privacy.

Question 21

ally vs alliance
ally noun [ C ] /ˈæl.aɪ/
1/ally of sb : a country that has agreed officially to give help and support to another one, especially during a war:
During the First World War, Turkey was an ally of Germany.
2/ ally of sb someone who helps and supports someone else, , especially a politician
She is known to be a longtime ally of the chancellor.
3/ ally to sb : someone who helps and supports other people who are part of a group that is treated badly or unfairly, although they are not themselves a member of this group:
He promised to be an ally to women in their fight against abuse.

alliance noun /əˈlaɪəns/: an agreement between countries, political parties, etc. to work together in order to achieve something that they all want
V + alliance between A and B : to form/make an alliance between education and business to develop the use of technology in schools
in alliance with somebody/something The Social Democrats are now in alliance with the Greens.

Question 22

overly –adv SYN excessively
We think you are being overly optimistic.

Altogether adv
1/[emphasize] It was an altogether different situation.: It was an altogether different situation.
2/[amount] used to give a total number or amount: You owe me £68 altogether.
3/[summary] The food was good and we loved the music. Altogether it was a great evening.