6/7 Flashcards
Arena –n: /əˈriːnə/
1/[place]: a large, flat area surrounded by seats used for sports or entertainment:
an Olympic/a sports arena
a hockey/basketball arena
adjective
* Olympic
* sports
* training
* …
verb + arena
* build
* leave
arena + noun
* floor
preposition
* in an/the arena
* into an/the arena
2/[activity] an area of activity that interests the public, especially one where there is a lot of opposition between different groups or countries
business/political/sales arena : After 30 years in the political arena, our local member of parliament is retiring next year.
Oxford Collocations Dictionary
adjective
* global
* international
* national
verb + arena
* create
* provide
* emerge into
preposition
* in an/the arena
* within an/the arena
* outside an/the arena
Work of art (SYN masterpiece) vs artwork
In summary, “work of art” is often used to describe a piece of art that is considered to have significant cultural or artistic value, : “The museum has a collection of works of art from the Renaissance period.”
while “artwork” is a more general term that can refer to any type of art, regardless of its perceived value or cultural significance: “The gallery is displaying a new collection of contemporary artwork.”
Arbitrary /ˈɑːrbɪtreri/ /[CHANCE] SYN: capricious /kəˈprɪʃəs/, unpredictable: based on a desire or idea or chance rather than reason:
Arbitrary decision /rule/ action/ power/ standard
Archive-n (also plural archives)
1/ a collection of historical records relating to a place, organization, or family:
archive film/footage/material
Oxford Collocations Dictionaryadjective
* extensive
* massive
* rich
* …
verb + archive
* build
* build up
* create
* …
archive + verb
* contain something
* hold something
* include something
* …
archive + noun
* collection
* film
* footage
* …
preposition
* among the archives
* from an/the archive
* in an/the archive
* …
2/ a place where historical records are kept:
I’ve been studying village records in the local archive.
Archive –v: in computer technology, to store electronic information that you no longer need to use regularly:
This software helps firms archive and retrieve emails.
Attachment [C, U]
1/[document] [countable] (computing) a document that you send to somebody using email
No attachment was included
adjective
* email
* unsolicited /ˌʌnsəˈlɪsɪtɪd/ (not asked for, and sometimes not wanted
* infected
* …
verb + attachment
* include
* send
* open
* …
2/ the act of joining one thing to another; a thing that joins two things together
All cars have points for the attachment of safety restraints.
attachment of something to something They discussed the attachment of new conditions to the peace plans.
attachment to something They had to check the strength of the seat attachments to the floor of the plane.
3/attachment (to somebody) a feeling of love for somebody/something
* a child’s strong attachment to its parents
* Prisoners can develop attachments to their guards.
Oxford Collocations Dictionaryadjective
* close
* deep
* passionate
* …
verb + attachment
* feel
* have
* develop
* …
preposition
* attachment to
4/ attachment (to something) belief in and support for an idea or a set of values
* the popular attachment to democratic government
5/ a short time spent working with an organization such as a hospital, school or part of the armed forces
* a 4-month training attachment
* on attachment (to something) She’s on attachment to the local hospital.
Attached
1/ joined to something:
Make sure all the wires remain firmly attached.
attached to something The ball was attached to a length of thin chain.
Oxford Collocations Dictionaryverbs
* be
* remain
* stay
* …
adverb
* firmly
* securely
* loosely
* …
preposition
* to
2/ attached (to somebody/something) liking somebody/something very much
I’ve never seen two people so attached to each other.
verbs
* be
* become
* get
* …
adverb
* deeply
* strongly
* very
* …
preposition
* to
3/ [not before noun] attached to something working for or forming part of an organization
The research unit is attached to the university.
4/ [not usually before noun] OPP: unattached: married or having a romantic relationship with somebody; not single
It would be nice to meet some more guys who aren’t attached.
Attach –v:
1/ [transitive] to fasten or join one thing to another
attach something I attach a copy of my notes for your information.
A copy of his document is attached as Appendix 3 at the end of this book.
attach something to something Attach the coupon to the front of your letter.
adverb
* firmly
* securely
* loosely
* …
preposition
* to
2/ [transitive] to send an electronic document with an email
I attach a copy of the spreadsheet.
I am attaching the image as a PDF file.
3/ [transitive] to believe that something is important or worth thinking about
attach importance, significance, value, weight to something I attach great importance to this research.
I wouldn’t attach too much weight to these findings.
4/ attach yourself to somebody to join somebody for a time, sometimes when you are not welcome or have not been invited
He attached himself to me at the party and I couldn’t get rid of him.
5/[I,T] to be connected with somebody/something; to connect something to something
attach to somebody/something No one is suggesting that any health risks attach to this product.
No blame attaches to you.
attach something to somebody/something This does not attach any blame to you.
be attached to something Unfortunately, there is still a stigma attached to mental illness.
Down the hatch!: said before swallowing a drink, especially an alcoholic one
Hatch –v
1/ verb (BREAK EGG) [ I/T ]: to break an egg so a baby animal can come out:
[ I ] The birds hatched out the next afternoon.
2/ verb (PLAN)[ T ]: to create or decide on a plan, esp. a secret plan:
They hatched a plan for a surprise birthday party.
Intimidate /ɪnˈtɪmɪdeɪt/ STN threaten
intimidate somebody (into something/into doing something) to frighten or threaten somebody so that they will do what you want
They were accused of intimidating people into voting for them.
adverb
* physically
* psychologically
verb + intimidate
* try to
preposition
* into
phrases
* an attempt to intimidate somebody
* an effort to intimidate somebody
* be easily intimidated
* …
Intimidatory Vs. intimidating Vs. intimidated
-intimidatory adjective /ɪnˌtɪmɪˈdeɪtəri/: intended to frighten or threaten somebody
intimidatory tactics
intimidatory interrogation techniques
-intimidating: frightening in a way that makes a person feel less confident
intimidating for/to somebody This kind of questioning can be very intimidating to children.
an intimidating manner
-initimidated /ɪnˈtɪmɪdeɪtɪd/ [not usually before noun]: feeling frightened and not confident in a particular situation
We try to make sure children don’t feel intimidated on their first day at school.
ethics are more formal and often enforced through professional/formal or legal standards within a particular profession, discipline, or community,
while morals are more personal and are based on individual beliefs and values, often rooted in religious, cultural, or philosophical traditions
manners = behaviors
ethics = morals = principles/rules of good behavior
Code
1/[principles] a set of moral principles or rules of behavior that are generally accepted by society or a social group:: code of conduct, code of ethics, honor code, code of behavior
2/[laws/written rule] a system of laws or written rules that state how people in an institution or a country should behave: dress code, Highway code, building codes, penal code, criminal code, disciplinary code, code of practice
Dilemma /daɪˈlemə/ SYN quandary /ˈkwɑːndəri/, predicament /prɪˈdɪkəmənt/, catch-22, paradox
Oxford Collocations Dictionaryadjective
* acute
* appalling /əˈpɔːlɪŋ/: shocking, dreadful, terrifying
* big
* …
verb + dilemma
* create
* pose
* present somebody with
* …
dilemma + verb
* arise
* occur
* lie
* …
preposition
* in a/the dilemma
* dilemma about
* dilemma over
* …
phrases
* a solution to a dilemma
* a way out of a dilemma
Incur SYN sustain, experience, undergo
1/[T] [unpleasant]: if you incur something unpleasant, you are in a situation in which you have to deal with it
Incur an injury/ an obligation/ the wrath of sb/ the displeasure.
2/[T] [payment/loss]: to be made to lose money or have to pay a charge:
to incur debts/fines/bills/penalty
Companies incur additional costs in dealing with non-paying customers.
The client will remain liable for any loss incurred by the contractor.
Incurrence [u]: The incurrence of additional costs was unforeseen.
Incurred [adj] The incurred debts were becoming unmanageable.
Hindsight: [U] the ability to understand an event or situation only after it has happened:
With (the benefit/wisdom of) hindsight, I should have taken the job.
preposition
* in hindsight
* with hindsight
phrases
* hindsight is a wonderful thing
* (with) the advantage of hindsight
* (with) the benefit of hindsight
* …
the mists of time : used to show that something happened a very long time ago and is difficult to remember clearly: The precise details of what happened have been lost in the mists of time.
rewind the clock : to go back to an earlier time: I’m sure she wishes she could rewind the clock now./We can’t rewind the clock back to 2016.
be no reasoning with someone: If there is no reasoning with someone, it is impossible to persuade that person to change their opinions or actions: there is no reasoning with someone She’s absolutely determined to go and there’s just no reasoning with her.
Discouse –n
1/[argument] debate, discussion, consultation
Public/political discourse
Seem/appear to Dominate the discourse
A discourse between/with
2/[speech] lecture, talk, address: discourse on something a discourse on issues of gender and sexuality
[v] discourse on/upon something: phrasal verb: (formal) to talk or give a long speech about something that you know a lot about : He discoursed for hours on the problems of the education system.
Discursive –adj: SYN incoherent, rambling: (of a style of writing or speaking) moving from one point to another without any strict structure: The meetings were informal, discursive, even gossipy.
“stray from the topic” or “lose track of the discussion: “During the meeting, the group kept straying from the topic, discussing unrelated issues and wasting valuable time.”
Tragedy >< comedy
Oxford Collocations Dictionaryadjective
* absolute
* appalling
* awful
* …
verb + tragedy
* end in
* be dogged by
* experience
* …
tragedy + verb
* befall somebody
* happen
* occur
* …
preposition
* tragedy for somebody
Multiple opinion adjs: subjective/personal opinion (boring, ugly, delicious..) + objective/facts opinion (pleasing, comfortable) + N
N + of + N:
1/N (formed by adj) + N: [felt by] the fear of failure, the joy of family / the suffering of millions
2/N (formed by V) + N: [done to] the arrival of police, the destruction of the rain forests
3/N + N:
[relating to particular feature, aspect, or quality]: There’s a chapter on the use of herbs for medicinal purposes./ One of the advantages of travelling by train is being able to read./ the colour of the sky/ the smell of unwashed clothes/ the size of the building.
[that is/are | specific thing]: the problem of homelessness/a rise of two percent in inflation/the skill of negotiating / the city of Rome/ the month of April
[made of/having]: a woman of great charm/ a subject of very little interest/ a land of ice and snow
[typical]: typical or characteristic of: She has the face of an angel./ She has all the attributes of a great player.
ADJ + PREP.
Feeling: of, at/by, with, about, in
Opinion: for, to, in
Feeling:
STATE vs ACTION
STATE: used to refer to a person’s emotional condition or state, which is a relatively stable and persistent feeling or emotion that a person experiences over a period of time. , (afraid, sure, sick, scared, bored, tired, fond, wary):
ACTION - may be used to describe an emotional response or behavior that a person exhibits in response to a particular situation or stimulus. For example, “She cried tears of joy” or “He laughed out loud with delight” describe specific actions or behaviors that are associated with particular emotions.
“Of” [active, STATE] - indicates the object or cause of the feeling, (afraid, sure, sick, scared, bored, tired, fond, wary): fond of swimming/sick of his excuses/scared of spiders/I’m bored of this game./ I hope you are sure of your facts./ He was wary of dogs since he was bitten as a child./I’m tired of your complaining.
“At/By” [passive ACTION, object]- can indicate the target or object of a negative feeling, such as in “I’m mad at my friend for being late” or “I’m annoyed at the noisy construction outside”. OR (2) is used to describe proficiency or skill in a particular activity or subject: good/bad/clever etc at (doing) something
“With” [ACTION, focus connection/manner] - often indicates (1) a specific thing or object, the emotional state or condition of the person experiencing the feeling, such as in “I’m happy with my life” or “I’m angry with my boss”. OR (2) indicate the means or method: He was gifted with a charming smile
“About [general subject/topic]” - can indicate the topic or subject of the feeling, such as in “I’m passionate about environmental issues” or “I’m worried about my health”.
“In” - can indicate (1) the location or context of the feeling, such as in “I’m uncomfortable in crowded spaces” or “I’m excited in anticipation of my trip”. OR (2) indicate a general area of interest, such as “I’m interested in science”.
it indicates where the confidence is placed or directed, specify the thing or area that the confidence pertains to.
At: specific situation:
So, in the sentence “They were highly delighted with/at the court’s decision,” both prepositions are valid, but the choice depends on what you want to emphasize. If you want to emphasize the connection between the decision and the feeling of delight, use “with.” If you want to emphasize the situation where the delight was experienced, use “at.”
-With: emphasize connection: I’m happy with my life (connection between the speaker and their life)
-At:
-emphasize particular situation: They were highly delighted at the court’s decision. (the situation where the delight was experienced)
- indicate a target or direction of an action or emotion (mad at you)
-about: can indicate the topic or subject of the feeling, such as in “I’m passionate about environmental issues” or “I’m worried about my health”.
Replenish /rɪˈplenɪʃ/ SYNONYM top up: replenish something (with something) to make something full again by replacing what has been used : to replenish food and water supplies/ Allow me to replenish your glass.
Replenish is used with these nouns as the object:
* inventory
* stock
* supply
* …
Replenishment /rɪˈplenɪʃmənt/ of something
[uncountable] (formal)
the act of making something full again by replacing what has been used
Computerization has enabled the automatic replenishment of stock.
PREVAILING - ADJ
Prevail [I] /prɪˈveɪl/
adverb
* always
* usually
* eventually
* …
verb + prevail
* be likely to
* must
* should
* …
preposition
* against
* over
1/[COMMON]
prevail in something We were horrified at the conditions prevailing in local prisons.
prevail among somebody Those beliefs still prevail among certain social groups.
2/ ) prevail (against/over something ) SYNONYM triumph:
2.A (of ideas, opinions, etc.) : to be accepted, especially after a struggle or an argument
Justice will prevail over tyranny.
Fortunately, common sense prevailed.
As is usual in this kind of movie, good triumphs over evil in the end.
2.B. (MATCH, CONTEST) to defeat an opponent, especially after a long struggle
In a one-sided final, Spain prevailed against title-holder Croatia 40–34.
They wasted two penalties but still prevailed 2–1.
