3/8

Question 1

-intrude [I] /ɪnˈtruːd/(formal) to go or be somewhere where you are not wanted or are not supposed to be
I’m sorry to intrude, but I need to talk to someone.
intrude into/on/upon somebody/something legislation to stop newspapers from intruding on people’s private lives
-intruder noun /ɪnˈtruːdər/:a person who enters a building or an area illegally
The intruder fired at least one more shot at the guard, then fled.
Intruder alarms are being fitted in many schools as a way of improving security.

Question 2

through the lens of (someone or something): Utilizing a particular viewpoint or perspective.
Now, how does our understanding of the text change if we read it through the lens of postcolonialism?
Even after doing research, I still didn’t feel like I could accurately write through the lens of an oncologist.

Question 3

Cruise
1/ transport
1.a/ [intransitive, transitive] to travel in a ship or boat visiting different places, especially as a holiday
(+ adv./prep.) They cruised down the Nile.
cruise something We spent two weeks cruising the Bahamas.
1.b/[intransitive] (+ adv./prep.) (of a car, plane, etc.) to travel at a steady speed
a light aircraft cruising at 4 000 feet
His car has a cruising speed of 50 mph.
1.c/ [intransitive, transitive] (of a car, etc. or its driver) to drive along slowly, especially when you are looking at or for something
+ adv./prep. She cruised around the block looking for a parking space.
cruise something Taxis cruised the streets, looking for fares. (fare: [countable] a passenger in a taxi: The taxi driver picked up a fare at the station.)
2/success
[intransitive] + adv./prep. to win or achieve something easily
The home team cruised to victory.
Her lack of religious belief separated her from the rest of the family

Question 4

Resume
1/[transitive] resume your seat/place/position to go back to the seat or place that you had before
He resumed his seat opposite her.
2/[I, T] continue (doing) sth

Question 5

Process [T]: OFTEN PASSIVE
1/ [often passive] process something to deal officially with a document, request, etc.
It will take a week for your application to be processed.
2/ to understand the meaning of something that has happened or been said
process something My brain slowly processed the fact that I was free to leave.
process what, how, etc… It was a second later when I fully processed what he had said.
3/ [often passive] to treat raw material, food, etc. in order to change it, preserve it, etc.
processed cheese/meats
(be) processed Most of the food we buy is processed in some way.
process something into something The berries are processed into juice or sauce.
process something for something For many years he grew and processed flax for linen.

Question 6

keep someone at bay- idiom (also hold someone at bay): to prevent someone from moving closer: He held the police at bay for several hours.
keep something at bay -idiom (also hold something at bay): to control something and prevent it from causing you problems: She fought to keep her unhappiness at bay.
make a splash –INFORMAL: attract a great deal of attention, to become suddenly very successful or very well known:. “he has already made a splash in New York for his design of the store interior”

Question 7

Frame [T]
1/produce false evidence
[usually passive] to produce false evidence against an innocent person so that people think they are guilty
SYNONYM fit sb up (for sth): I didn’t do it—I’ve been fitted up!
be framed He says he was framed.
(be) framed for something She found herself framed for murder.
2/ develop plan/system
frame something (formal) to create and develop something such as a plan, a system or a set of rules
Measures to secure oil production must be framed in the context of rising energy demands.
3/ express something
frame something to express something in a particular way
You’ll have to be careful how you frame the question.

Question 8

twist verb /twɪst/
1/bend into shape
1.a/ [transitive] twist something (into something) to bend or turn something into a particular shape
Twist the wire to form a circle.
Her hair was twisted into a knot on top of her head.
1.b/ [transitive, intransitive] to bend or turn something into a shape or position that is not normal or natural; to be bent or turned in this way
twist something (+ adv./prep.) He grabbed me and twisted my arm behind my back.
+ adv./prep. Her face twisted in anger.
2/ facts
[transitive] twist something to deliberately change the meaning of what somebody has said, or to present facts in a particular way, in order to benefit yourself or harm somebody else
SYNONYM misrepresent
You always twist everything I say.
The newspaper was accused of twisting the facts.
3/ turn body
3.a/ [transitive, intransitive] to turn part of your body around while the rest stays still
twist something (+ adv./prep.) He twisted his head around to look at her.
+ adv./prep. She twisted in her chair when I called her name.
3.b/ [intransitive, transitive] to turn your body with quick, sharp movements and change direction often
I twisted and turned to avoid being caught.
+ adv./prep. She tried unsuccessfully to twist free.
twist something/yourself + adv./prep. He managed to twist himself round in the restricted space.
4/ turn with hand
[transitive] twist something (+ adv./prep.) to turn something around in a circle with your hand
Twist the knob to the left to open the door.
Nervously I twisted the ring on my finger.
5/ of roads/rivers
[intransitive] to bend and change direction often
The road twists and turns along the coast.
narrow twisting streets
a twisting staircase
6/ injure part of body
[transitive] twist something to injure part of your body, especially your ankle, wrist or knee, bending it in an uncomfortable way
She fell and twisted her ankle.
7/ wind around
7.a/ [transitive] twist something (+ adv./prep.) to wind something around or through an object
She twisted a scarf around her head.
I twisted the bandage around his leg.
The telephone cable has got twisted (= wound around itself).
7.b/ [intransitive] twist (round/around something) to move or grow by winding around something
A snake was twisting around his arm.

Question 9

Seal [T]:
1/make something definite: seal something to make something definite, so that it cannot be changed or argued about
to seal a contract: They shook hands to seal the deal.
The discovery of new evidence sealed his fate (= nothing could prevent what was going to happen to him).
She sealed victory with a birdie at the final hole.
2/ cover surface
[often passive] seal something (with something) to cover the surface of something with a substance in order to protect it
The floors had been stripped and sealed with varnish.
3/ close borders/exits
seal something (of the police, army, etc.) to prevent people from passing through a place
Troops have sealed the borders between the countries.

Question 10

tremble verb /ˈtrembl/
1/[intransitive] tremble (with something) to shake in a way that you cannot control, especially because you are very nervous, excited, frightened, etc.
My legs were trembling with fear.
Her voice trembled with excitement.
He opened the letter with trembling hands.
2/ [intransitive] to shake slightly
SYNONYM quiver
leaves trembling in the breeze
3/ [intransitive] to be very worried or frightened
I trembled at the thought of having to make a speech.
The thought made him tremble inside.

Question 11

Grip - gripped
1/[grasp, grab..)
2/interest/excite
[transitive] grip somebody/something to interest or have a strong effect on somebody; to hold somebody’s attention
The book grips you from start to finish.
I was totally gripped by the story.
The campaign gripped people’s imagination.
The atmosphere of the World Cup gripped the nation.
3/have powerful effect
[transitive] grip somebody/something (of an emotion or a situation) to have a powerful effect on somebody/something
I was gripped by a feeling of panic.
A sudden fear gripped me.
Terrorism has gripped the country for the past two years.

​engulf somebody/something:/ɪnˈɡʌlf/ to affect somebody/something very strongly
Fear engulfed her.

Answer 11

a

Question 12

-commentate verb /ˈkɑːmənteɪt/
[intransitive]
​commentate (on something) to give a spoken description of an event as it happens, especially on television or radio
Who will be commentating on the game?

-commentary noun /ˈkɒməntri/
1/ [countable, uncountable] commentary (on something) a spoken description of an event that is given while it is happening, especially on the radio or television
a sports commentary
Our reporters will give a running commentary (= a continuous one) on the election results as they are announced.
He kept up a running commentary on everyone who came in or went out.
2/ [countable] commentary (on something) a written explanation or discussion of something such as a book or a play
a critical commentary on the final speech of the play
3/ [countable, uncountable] commentary (on something) a criticism or discussion of something
The petty quarrels were a sad commentary on the state of the government.
The movie is a biting commentary on contemporary life in a big city.
political commentary

Question 13

-[T] bed something (in something) to fix something in something so that it cannot move easily
The bricks were bedded in sand to improve drainage.
Make sure that you bed the roots firmly in the soil.
-[I] room verb (North American English)
room (with somebody) | room (together) to rent a room somewhere; to share a rented room or flat with somebody
She and Nancy roomed together at college.

Question 14

assess /əˈses/ : to calculate the amount or value of something
SYNONYM estimate
assess something They have assessed the amount of compensation to be paid.
assess something at something Damage to the building was assessed at £40 000.

Question 15

Rehearse /rɪˈhɜːrs/
[transitive] to prepare in your mind or practise privately what you are going to do or say to somebody
rehearse something She walked along rehearsing her excuse for being late.
He had his speech well rehearsed.
rehearse what, how, etc… She mentally rehearsed what she would say to Jeff.

Question 16

-economics : [plural, uncountable] the way in which money influences, or is organized within, an area of business or society:
The economics of the project are very encouraging.
The economics of maintaining a safe environment are not just the concern of the government.
-Economy
*/ (often the economy)[countable] the relationship between production, trade and the supply of money in a particular country or region
digital economy, gig economy, global economy, market economy, , political economy, sharing economy, tiger economy, underground economy
0/ [countable] a country, when you are thinking about its economic system
Ireland was one of the fastest-growing economies in Western Europe in the 1990s.
emerging economies (= that are starting to grow)
developed economies
1/ [countable, uncountable] the use of resources in a way that avoids waste
The company has improved the fuel economy of all its vehicles.
It’s a false economy to buy cheap clothes (= it seems cheaper but it is not really since they do not last very long).
(British English) We’re on an economy drive at home (= trying to avoid waste and spend as little money as possible).
2/ economies [plural] ways of saving money
We need to make substantial economies.
Large firms can benefit from economies of scale (= by producing many items the cost of producing each one is reduced).
economies in something possible economies in phone costs
3/ economy of something [uncountable, singular] a way of using as little of something as possible
a technique based on economy of effort
She writes with a great economy of words (= using only the necessary words).
It was impressive to see her economy of movement as she worked the machine.
4/(also economy class) [uncountable] the cheapest class of air travel
We flew economy.
an economy fare/ticket/seat/passenger

Answer 16

a

Question 17

venture
- venture into/on something - phrasal verb: to do something, even though it involves risks: This is the first time the company has ventured into movie production.
-venture – v :
1/ [I] to risk going somewhere or doing something that might be dangerous or unpleasant:
[ I always + adv/prep ] He wanted to venture into the mountainous wilderness of the countryside.
2/[ T ] to say something when it is risky to do this:
venture a guess/opinion/judgement/comment: I don’t have enough knowledge to venture a judgement.

Question 18

-liaise verb /liˈeɪz/
1/[intransitive] liaise (with somebody) (especially British English) to work closely with somebody and exchange information with them
He had to liaise directly with the police while writing the report.
The tax office liaises closely with our department on such matters.
2/ [intransitive] liaise (between A and B) to act as a link between two or more people or groups
Her job is to liaise between students and teachers.
- liaison officer noun: SYN liaison
a person whose job is to make sure that there is a good relationship between two groups of people, organizations, etc.
We need to appoint someone to act as press liaison officer.
- liaison - N
1/ [countable] liaison (to/with somebody/something) a person whose job is to make sure there is a good relationship between two groups or organizations
the White House liaison to organized labor
We hired someone as customer liaison.
2/ [countable] liaison (with somebody) a secret sexual relationship, especially if one or both partners are already in a relationship with somebody else
SYNONYM affair
He finally admitted to several sexual liaisons.
She was having a romantic liaison with her husband’s best friend.
3/ [uncountable, singular] a relationship between two organizations or different departments in an organization, involving the exchange of information or ideas
We are hoping to establish better customer liaison.
liaison between A and B Our role is to ensure liaison between schools and parents.
liaison with somebody We work in close liaison with the police.

Question 19

Crave [I, T] SYN long, yearn: [transitive, intransitive] to have a very strong desire for something
crave (for) something She has always craved excitement.
to crave alcohol/drugs/sweet food/carbohydrates/cigarettes/coffee
crave to do something They craved to return to their homeland.

Question 20

calibre noun /ˈkælɪbər/
(US English caliber)
[uncountable] the quality of something, especially a person’s ability
SYNONYM standard
He was impressed by the high calibre of applicants for the job.
The firm needs more people of your calibre.

Question 21

Discipline
1/[field of study] [countable] (formal) an area of knowledge; a subject that people study or are taught, especially in a university
The new recruits were drawn from a range of academic disciplines.
2/ [countable] a method of training your mind or body or of controlling your behaviour; an area of activity where this is necessary
Yoga is a good discipline for learning to relax.

Question 22

look ahead [ I ]: to think about what will happen in the future and plan for these events:
Businesses need to look ahead, and decide where they are going to place their investments.

Question 23

voracious adjective /vəˈreɪʃəs/ (formal)
1/eating or wanting large amounts of food
SYNONYM greedy
a voracious eater
to have a voracious appetite
2/wanting a lot of new information and knowledge
SYNONYM avid for sth: /ˈævɪd/
a voracious reader
a boy with a voracious and undiscriminating appetite for facts

Question 24

-expat –n: /ˈekspæt/ SYN immigrant - migrant ▪ refugee ▪ asylum seeker (political asylum) ▪ expatriate
-expatiate on/upon something /ɪkˈspeɪʃieɪt/ - phrasal verb
(formal) to write or speak in detail about a subject

Answer 24

a

Question 25

-hypnosis noun /hɪpˈnəʊsɪs/: thôi mien
1/ [uncountable] an unconscious state in which somebody can still see and hear and can be influenced to follow commands or answer questions
under hypnosis She only remembered details of the accident under hypnosis.
changes in breathing observed during hypnosis
2/(also hypnotism) the practice of hypnotizing a person (= putting them into an unconscious state)
He uses hypnosis as part of the treatment.
Hypnosis helped me give up smoking.
-hypnotize verb /ˈhɪpnətaɪz/
1/ [usually passive] (formal) to interest somebody so much that they can think of nothing else
SYNONYM mesmerize /ˈmezməraɪz/, fascinate
be hypnotized (by something) He was hypnotized by her beauty.
She gazed down into the ocean, hypnotized by the swirling tide.
2/ hypnotize somebody: to produce a state of hypnosis in somebody

Question 26

-Rhetoric : /ˈretərɪk/ [U]
1/ hung biện: (formal) the art of using language in speech or writing in a special way that influences or entertains people
SYNONYM eloquence, oratory /ˈɔːr.ə.tɔːr.i/ (oratorical - adj)
2/ tu từ: (formal, often disapproving) speech or writing that is intended to influence people, but that is not completely honest or sincere
the rhetoric of political slogans
Her speech was just empty rhetoric.
His speech was dismissed as mere rhetoric by the opposition.
- rhetorical adjective /rɪˈtɔːrɪkl/
1/(of a question) asked only to make a statement or to produce an effect rather than to get an answer
‘Don’t you care what I do?’ he asked, but it was a rhetorical question.
2/ hoa mỹ, cường điệu, khoa trương (formal, often disapproving) (of a speech or piece of writing) intended to influence people, but not completely honest or sincere:
repetition, that tedious rhetorical device

Question 27

Mobilize /ˈməʊbəlaɪz/
1/[transitive, intransitive] mobilize (somebody) to work together in order to achieve a particular aim; to organize a group of people to do this
SYNONYM rally
The unions mobilized thousands of workers in a protest against the cuts.
They successfully mobilized public opinion against him.
2/[transitive] mobilize something to find and start to use something that is needed for a particular purpose
SYNONYM marshal
They were unable to mobilize the resources they needed.
3/[transitive, intransitive] mobilize (somebody/something) if a country mobilizes its army, or if a country or army mobilizes, it makes itself ready to fight in a war
The troops were ordered to mobilize.
The military is able to mobilize rapidly.
COMPARE demobilize

Question 28

fastidious adjective /fæˈstɪdiəs/
being careful that every detail of something is correct
SYNONYM meticulous /məˈtɪkjələs/, rigorous, thorough
Everything was planned in fastidious detail.
He was fastidious in his preparation for the big day.

Question 29

-Nun (ni cô), Monk -> Head mond (abbot /ˈæbət/)
-Nun (nữ tu) -> Deacon (trợ tế): /ˈdiːkən/ -> Priest : tư tế, linh mục -> Bishop (giám mục) /ˈbɪʃəp/ -> Archbishop (tổng giám mục) /ˌɑːrtʃˈbɪʃəp/ -> Cardinal: hồng y /ˈkɑːrdɪnl/ -> Pope: giáo hoàng
-The Constitution of the United States divides the federal government into three branches: legislative (n- legislature /ˈledʒɪslətʃə(r)/, executive (n- the executive), and judicial. (the judiciary /dʒuˈdɪʃieri/)

Question 30

Spice –v
1/ spice something (up) (with something) to add spice to food in order to give it more taste
highly spiced dishes
2/ spice something (up) (with something) to add interest or excitement to something
He exaggerated the details to spice up the story.
Her conversation is always spiced with humour.

Question 31

Profitable , rewarding
1/ SYNONYM rewarding ; satisfying ▪ pleasing ▪ gratifying ▪ fulfilling
-> that gives somebody an advantage or a useful result; (of an activity, etc.) worth doing; that makes you happy because you think it is useful or important
a profitable experience
She spent a profitable afternoon in the library.
2/ Synonyms: Successful ; profitable ▪ commercial ▪ lucrative ▪ economic ; rewarding (OPP: unrewarding)
-> that makes or is likely to make money:
a highly profitable business
a profitable investment
It is usually more profitable to sell direct to the public.

Question 32

-the leadership- C1: the person or people in charge of an organization:
There is growing discontent with the leadership.
The election for the leadership of the council will take place on Tuesday
-Leadership
1/ MARKETING
the position of being a company, product, etc. that is more successful than its competitors:
Our people are working together to attain leadership in customer service, quality and financial returns.
It is the Marketing Division that grapples with the strategic problem of retaining market share and industry leadership.
2/ [ U ] HR, MANAGEMENT
the set of characteristics that makes a good leader:
He was fired for his lack of leadership.
leadership qualities/skills
3/ [ U ] HR, MANAGEMENT
the position or fact of being a leader:
The company has strong leadership and accountability up and down the line.
The hospital excelled financially under her leadership.
a leadership role/style/team
business/corporate/executive leadership

Question 33

modulate verb [T]
1/(PLAN/PROCESS)formal
to change something, such as an action or a process, to make it more suitable for its situation:
An elected committee will meet monthly to modulate the council’s energy policy.
drugs that effectively modulate the disease process
2/(SOUND/VOICE) formal: to change the quality of your voice in order to create a particular effect by making it louder, softer, lower, etc.:
Teachers modulate the way they work in response to their students’ needs.
Modulate your tone of voice when speaking in court.

Question 34

Power Adjectives for Communication and Teamwork
-Amiable: /ˈeɪmiəbl/: pleasant; friendly and easy to like SYNONYM agreeable
an amiable tone of voice
Her parents seemed very amiable.
-Amicable /ˈæmɪkəbl/: done or achieved in a polite or friendly way and without arguing
an amicable relationship
An amicable settlement was reached.
In spite of their disagreement they parted on amicable terms.
It was an amicable divorce.
The government and the union managed to reach an amicable settlement of the dispute.
-Cordial : /ˈkɔːrdʒəl/ (formal): pleasant and friendly
a cordial atmosphere/meeting/relationship
The government wisely maintained cordial relations with the Russians.
The talks took place in a cordial atmosphere.
-Articulate : Opp inarticulate /ɑːrˈtɪk.jə.lət/: able to express thoughts and feelings easily and clearly, or showing this quality:
an intelligent and highly articulate young woman
She gave a witty, entertaining, and articulate speech.
-Coherent /kəʊˈhɪrənt/ : (of a person) able to talk and express yourself clearly
She only became coherent again two hours after the attack.
You’re not being very coherent.
OPPOSITE incoherent
- cohesive: adjective formal /koʊˈhiː.sɪv/: united and working together effectively:
a cohesive group/ cohesive forces
-Harmonious : /hɑːrˈməʊniəs/(approving): (of relationships, etc.) friendly, peaceful and without any arguments: a harmonious alliance between management and workers

Question 35

Cohere (n-coherence) Vs. Cohesive (n-cohesion)
A/-cohere verb /kəʊˈhɪr/(formal)
1/[intransitive] cohere (with something) (of different ideas, arguments, sentences, etc.) to have a clear logical connection so that together they make a whole
This view does not cohere with their other beliefs.
The various sections of the report fail to cohere into a satisfactory whole.
2/ [intransitive] (of people) to work closely together
It can be difficult to get a group of people to cohere.
- coherent adjective /kəʊˈhɪrənt/:
1/(of ideas, thoughts, arguments, etc.) logical and well organized; easy to understand and clear
a coherent narrative/account/explanation
a coherent policy for the transport system
2/ (of a person) able to talk and express yourself clearly
She only became coherent again two hours after the attack.
You’re not being very coherent.
OPPOSITE incoherent
-coherence noun /kəʊˈhɪrəns/ [uncountable, singular] (formal): the situation in which all the parts of something fit together well
The points you make are fine, but the whole essay lacks coherence.
He managed to impose a new coherence on the machinery of the state.
OPPOSITE incoherence

B/-cohesive: adjective formal /koʊˈhiː.sɪv/: united and working together effectively:
a cohesive group
cohesive forces
-cohesion noun /kəʊˈhiːʒn/ [uncountable]: (formal) the act or state of keeping together
SYNONYM unity
the cohesion of the nuclear family
social/political/economic cohesion
-cohesiveness noun /kəʊˈhiːsɪvnəs/[uncountable] (formal): the fact of forming a united whole
a strong sense of cohesiveness within the family

Question 36

Power Adjectives to Describe You as Organized and Systematic
-Businesslike: (of a person) working in an efficient and organized way and not wasting time or thinking about personal things: She adopted a brisk businesslike tone.
-Systematic
-Controlled
- Orderly
-Timely Synonym: well timed: happening at the best possible moment:
a timely reminder
The change in the exchange rate provided a timely boost to the company’s falling profits.

Question 37

Power Adjectives to Describe Hard Work
Are you a diligent and driven person? Are you prepared to pull up tiring all-nighters to complete important projects?
Here are some adjectives that compliment your hard work:
-Alert :quick to see, understand, and act in a particular situation:
I’m not feeling very alert today - not enough sleep last night!
A couple of alert readers posted comments on the website pointing out the mistake.
Parents should be alert to sudden changes in children’s behaviour.
- Driven : Someone who is driven is so determined to achieve something or be successful that all of their behaviour is directed towards this aim: Like most of the lawyers that I know, Rachel is driven.
-Attentive : helpful; making sure that people have what they need
The hotel staff are friendly and attentive.
Our host was most attentive.
attentive to somebody/something Ministers should be more attentive to the needs of families.
-Concerted /kənˈsɜr·t̬əd/: (of an attempt/effort to do something) determined and serious, or done together with others:
I really made a concerted effort to get involved in community affairs.

Question 38

Power Adjectives for Productivity
-Instrumental : /ˌɪnstrəˈmentl/: important in making something happen
instrumental in (doing) something He was instrumental in bringing about an end to the conflict.
The Conservation Trust performs an instrumental role in the protection of rural environments.
They were highly instrumental in bringing the business to Newtown.
- Adept /əˈdept/ : adept (at/in something) | adept (at/in doing something) good at doing something that is quite difficult
SYNONYM skilful
He became adept at getting even the shyest students to talk.
- Competent /ˈkɑːmpɪtənt/ OPP incompetent: having enough skill or knowledge to do something well or to the necessary standard
competent to do something Make sure the firm is competent to carry out the work.
competent at something She is highly competent at her job.
-Cost-effective (also cost-efficient): /ˌkɔːst ɪˈfektɪv/: giving the best possible profit or benefits in comparison with the money that is spent: a cost-effective way to fight crime
- Influential /ˌɪnfluˈenʃl/: having a lot of influence on somebody/something
a highly influential book
influential in something She is one of the most influential figures in local politics.
influential in doing something The committee was influential in formulating government policy on employment.

Question 39

Use the adjective list below to describe creative work:
- Imaginative
- Inventive
- Ingenious
- Progressive
- Unprecedented

Question 40

Power Adjectives for Analytical Thinking
-Astute /əˈstuːt/: Synonyms: acute, Sharp, shrewd /ʃruːd/ (approving): able to understand a situation quickly and see how to take advantage of it: an astute investor/businesswoman | his astute handling of the situation | an astute observer of human behavior
-Calculating: often controlling situations for your own advantage in a way that is slightly unpleasant and causes people not to trust you: In the film she’s depicted as a very cold and calculating character.
- investigative /ɪnˈves.təˌɡeɪ.t̬ɪv/: involving examining facts, events, problems, crimes, etc. in order to know more about about them or to discover the truth, or doing work like this :
Children are encouraged to take an investigative approach to learning.
The newspaper’s investigative team would work for months on a single article.
See also: investigative journalism / investigative journalist
- discerning: sáng suốt: adjective /dɪˈsɜːrnɪŋ/ (approving): able to show good judgement about the quality of somebody/something
The discerning customer will recognize this as a high-quality product.
To the discerning eye, the quality may seem quite poor.
Marion is a discerning judge of good design.
- perceptive: mẫn cảm: adjective /pərˈseptɪv/: (approving) having or showing the ability to see or understand things quickly, especially things that are not obvious
a highly perceptive comment
It was very perceptive of you to notice that.
The article gives a perceptive analysis of the way bureaucracies work.

Answer 40

a

Question 41

spare – v
1/ no effort/expense, etc.
spare no effort, expense, etc. to do everything possible to achieve something or to do something well without trying to limit the time or money involved
He spared no effort to make her happy again.
No expense was spared in furnishing the new office.
2/ save somebody pain/trouble
to save somebody/yourself from having to go through an unpleasant experience
spare somebody/yourself something He wanted to spare his mother any anxiety.
Please spare me (= do not tell me) the gruesome details.
You could have spared yourself an unnecessary trip by phoning in advance.
spare somebody/yourself from something She was spared from the ordeal of appearing in court.
3/ not harm/damage
(formal) to allow somebody/something to escape harm, damage or death, especially when others do not escape it
spare somebody/something They killed the men but spared the children.
She begged them to spare her life.
During the bombing only one house was spared (= was not hit by a bomb).
The storm largely spared Houston and surrounding districts.
spare somebody/something from something The children were spared from the virus.
spare somebody/something sth Hong Kong was spared a direct hit, but the storm still brought heavy rains and powerful winds.

Question 42

heartfelt adjective /ˈhɑːrtfelt/ [usually before noun]
showing strong feelings that are sincere
SYNONYM sincere
a heartfelt apology/plea/sigh
heartfelt sympathy/thanks

Question 43

profit verb /ˈprɑːfɪt/[intransitive, transitive] (formal)
to get something useful from a situation; to be useful to somebody or give them an advantage
profit (from something) Farmers are profiting from the new legislation.
profit (by something) We tried to profit by our mistakes (= learn from them).
profit something Many local people believe the development will profit them.

Question 44

exert verb /ɪɡˈzɜːrt/
1/ exert something to use power or influence to affect somebody/something
He exerted all his authority to make them accept the plan.
The moon exerts a force on the earth that causes the tides.
2/ exert yourself to make a big physical or mental effort
In order to be successful he would have to exert himself.

Question 45

• correspond verb /ˌkɒrəˈspɒnd/ Verb Forms
  1/[be similar] [intransitive] to be the same as or match something
  SYNONYM agree, tally
  Your account and hers do not correspond.
  correspond with something Your account of events does not correspond with hers.
  correspond to something The written record of the conversation doesn’t correspond to (= is different from) what was actually said.
  2/ [write] [intransitive] correspond (with somebody) (formal) to write letters or emails, etc. to somebody and receive letters or emails, etc. from them
  She corresponded regularly with her former teacher.
  I have corresponded with him in the past.
• correspondence noun /ˌkɔːrəˈspɑːndəns/ (formal)
  1/ [uncountable] the letters, emails, etc. a person sends and receives
  personal/private correspondence
  The editor welcomes correspondence from readers on any subject.
  the correspondence column/page (= in a newspaper)
  correspondence with somebody Jane Austen’s correspondence with her sister
  2/ [countable, uncountable] correspondence (between A and B) a connection between two things; the fact of two things being similar
  There is a close correspondence between the two extracts.
  -correspondent noun /ˌkɔːrəˈspɑːndənt/: a person who reports news from a particular country or on a particular subject for a newspaper or a television or radio station
  She’s the BBC’s political correspondent.
  a foreign/war/sports correspondent
  our Delhi correspondent

Question 46

-construct something: to form something by putting different things together
SYNONYM put sth together (put something together: to make or prepare something by fitting or collecting parts together: to put together a model plane/an essay/a meal)
You must learn how to construct a logical argument.
to construct a theory
For these experiments it is necessary to construct a model using data from other sources.
a well-constructed novel
his carefully constructed public image
the socially constructed nature of gender roles
-model -n
1/ [good example to copy]: someone or something that is an extremely good example of its type, esp. when a copy can be based on it:
a model text/essay
a model plane
Look at the writing model on page 58.
She was a model of loyalty and stuck by him even after he went to jail.
2/[small copy- representation]
a copy of something, usually smaller than the original object
a working model (= one in which the parts move) of a fire engine
I used to build model aeroplanes.
The architect had produced a scale model of the proposed shopping complex.

Question 47

Rationalize
1/ [transitive, intransitive] rationalize (something) (British English) to make changes to a business, system, etc. in order to make it more efficient, especially by spending less money
Twenty workers lost their jobs when the department was rationalized.
2/ [transitive, intransitive] rationalize (something) to find or try to find a logical reason to explain why somebody thinks, behaves, etc. in a way that is difficult to understand
an attempt to rationalize his violent behavior

Question 48

Slash
1/[transitive] slash something (informal)(often used in newspapers): to reduce something by a large amount
to slash spending/prices/costs
The workforce has been slashed by half.
2/ [transitive, intransitive] to make a long cut with a sharp object, especially in a violent way
SYNONYM slit sth [T]
slash something Someone had slashed the tyres on my car.
slash at somebody/something He slashed wildly at me with a knife.

Question 49

• ethnic adjective /ˈeθnɪk/: connected with or belonging to a group of people that share a cultural tradition
  ethnic background/origin
  ethnic strife/tensions/violence (= between different ethnic groups)
  ethnic Albanians living in Germany
  -multi-ethnic adjective/ˌmʌltaɪ ˈeθnɪk/ (also multiethnic): consisting of people from many different ethnic groups
  New York City is one of the country’s most multi-ethnic cities.
• ethnic group- noun /ˌeθnɪk ˈɡruːp/: a group of people who have a shared sense of identity because they have their own cultural background, traditions, history, language, etc.
  people from the same ethnic group
  Igbo people are one of the largest ethnic groups in Nigeria.

Question 50

insulate verb [T] /ˈɪnsjuleɪt/
1/[SHIELD, PROTECT] to protect someone or something from outside influences:
insulate sb/sth against/from sth: As a member of a rich and powerful family, she was insulated from ordinary life.
2/[COVER] insulate something (from/against something) to protect something with a material that prevents heat, sound, electricity, etc. from passing through
Home owners are being encouraged to insulate their homes to save energy.

Question 51

field verb /fiːld/
1/questions
[transitive] field something to receive and deal with questions or comments
The BBC had to field more than 300 phone calls after last night’s programme.
2/candidate/team
[transitive] field somebody/something to provide a candidate, speaker, team, etc. to represent you in an election, a competition, etc.
Each of the main parties fielded more than 300 candidates.
England fielded a young side in the World Cup.

Question 52

-critique verb[T] /krɪˈtiːk/: critique something to write or give your opinion of, or reaction to, a set of ideas, a work of art, etc.
Her job involves critiquing designs by fashion students.
-critique noun /krɪˈtiːk/: a piece of written criticism of a set of ideas, a work of art, etc.
She wrote a feminist critique of Freud’s theories.

Question 53

-probe –v :
1/[intransitive, transitive] to ask questions in order to find out secret or hidden information about somebody/something
SYNONYM investigate
probe (into something) He didn’t like the media probing into his past.
probe something a TV programme that probed government scandals in the 1990s
+ speech ‘Then what happened?’ he probed.
2/[transitive] probe something to touch, examine or look for something, especially with a long, thin instrument
The doctor probed the wound for signs of infection.
Searchlights probed the night sky.
- probe (into something) -noun /prəʊb/ (used especially in newspapers): a complete and careful investigation of something
a police probe into the financial affairs of the company
Arson probe after three die at home.

Question 54

A/compose [T] /kəmˈpəʊz/
1/compose something (formal) to combine together to form a whole
SYNONYM make up, constitute
Ten people compose the committee.
Women make up 56 per cent of the student numbers.
People under the age of 40 constitute the majority of the labour force.
2/[transitive, no passive] (formal) to manage to control your feelings or expression
compose yourself Emma frowned, making an effort to compose herself.
compose something I was so confused that I could hardly compose my thoughts.

B/consist of somebody/something ▪ comprise ▪ be composed of somebody/something be made up of something :
- consist of somebody/something to be formed from the people, things or activities mentioned:
Their diet consists largely of vegetables.
-comprise (rather formal) to be formed from the things or people mentioned:
The collection comprises 327 paintings.
- be composed of somebody/something (rather formal) to be formed from the things or people mentioned:
Around 15 per cent of our diet is composed of protein.
- be made up of something: to form something: The course is made up of 12 two-hour sessions.
-constitute:
1/ to be the parts that together form something
Female workers constitute the majority of the labour force.
People under the age of 40 constitute the majority of the labour force.
2/ [represent]: to be considered to be something
3/[transitive, usually passive] to form a group legally or officially
SYNONYM establish, set up
be constituted (by somebody/something) The committee was constituted in 1974 by an Act of Parliament.

Answer 54

a

Question 55

gig verb [intransitive]: to give musical performances in front of audiences, especially of modern music like rock, pop or jazz
We were gigging two or three nights a week.
+ adv./prep. Zoe started off singing as part of a reggae band, gigging around the country.

Question 56

-patch –v:
1/patch verb (COMPUTER): to solve a problem that a computer system or program has:
They issued an update to patch the bug.
We need to identify and patch vulnerabilities in internet security.
2/ patch something (with something) to cover a hole or a worn place, especially in clothes, with a piece of cloth or other material
SYNONYM mend
patched jeans
to patch a hole in the roof
-Patch –n: go through/hit a bad/difficult/rough patch -informal: to experience a lot of problems in a short period of time:
Economically, the country is going through a bad patch.
The company hit a rough patch last year, which included its first quarterly loss since going public.

Question 57

Model -verb [ T often passive ] /ˈmɒdəl/
1/to copy or create something based on something else:
model sth on sth The American effort is modeled on a successful Dutch system.
2/to create something such as an object or plan that shows what something else is like or how it works:
The new process has to be modelled and tested.

Question 58

fashion verb [T] /ˈfæʃn/: to make or shape something, especially with your hands
fashion A (from/out of B) She fashioned a pot from the clay.
fashion B (into A) She fashioned the clay into a pot.

Question 59

-fiat noun /ˈfiːɑːt/: [countable, uncountable] (formal)
an official order given by somebody in authority
SYNONYM decree /dɪˈkriː/
Prices have been fixed by government fiat.

-condense verb /kənˈdens/: Cô đọng, súc tích:
[transitive] condense something (into something): to put something such as a piece of writing into fewer words; to put a lot of information into a small space
The article was condensed into just two pages.
The author has condensed a great deal of material into just 100 pages.

Answer 59

a

Question 60

overhaul verb /ˌəʊvərˈhɔːl/
1/overhaul something to examine every part of a machine, system, etc. and make any necessary changes or repairs
The engine has been completely overhauled.
2/ overhaul somebody to come from behind a person you are competing against in a race and go past them
SYNONYM overtake
He managed to overhaul the leader on the final lap.

Question 61

A/go-getter - noun [ C ]someone who is very energetic, determined to be successful, and able to deal with new or difficult situations easily:
We only recruit go-getters who will be actively involved in the company’s development.
- go-getting –adjective /ˈɡoʊˌɡet̬.ɪŋ/: energetic, determined to be successful, and able to deal with new or difficult situations easily:
He’s a go-getting, high-powered business manager.
This is a young, go-getting firm with lots of opportunities.

B/go-to- noun (plural go-tos also go-to’s) : someone or something that is regularly or repeatedly chosen or employed for reliably good results: A neat pour of rye whiskey is usually my go-to after making cocktails all night; they have a great selection to choose from.
-go-to: adj.: relied on and regularly turned to for expert knowledge, skill, or performance: Brown became the go-to researcher for genetic conundrums.

Question 62

Extend
1/[include]
[intransitive] + adv./prep. to relate to or include somebody/something
The offer does not extend to employees’ partners.
His willingness to help did not extend beyond making a few phone calls.
2/ [cover area/time/distance]
[intransitive] + adv./prep. to cover a particular area, distance or length of time
Our land extends as far as the river.
His writing career extended over a period of 40 years.
The wood does not extend very far.
The country’s power extends far beyond its military capabilities.
3/[offer/give]
[transitive] (formal) to offer or give something to somebody
extend something to somebody I’m sure you will join me in extending a very warm welcome to our visitors.
to extend your sympathy/congratulations/thanks to somebody
to extend hospitality to overseas students
The bank refused to extend credit to them (= to lend them money).
extend somebody something to extend somebody an invitation
4/[use effort/ability]
[transitive] extend somebody/something/yourself to make somebody/something use all their effort, abilities, supplies, etc.
Jim didn’t really have to extend himself in the exam.
Hospitals were already fully extended because of the epidemic.

Question 63

SYNs for combine:
-pool verb /puːl/ [T] pool something to collect money, information, etc. from different people so that it can be used by all of them
The students work individually, then pool their ideas in groups of six.

-Amalgamate: verb [ I or T ] /əˈmælɡəmeɪt/ US
to join or unite to form a larger organization or group, or to make separate organizations do this:
amalgamate with sth The electricians’ union is planning to amalgamate with the technicians’ union.
amalgamate (sth) as/into sth The different offices will be amalgamated as employment advice centres.

-Converge [I] /kənˈvɜːdʒ/
1/ [intransitive] if ideas, policies, aims, etc. converge, they become very similar or the same
The aims of the two developments can and should converge.
OPPOSITE diverge
2/ [intransitive] (of two or more lines, paths, etc.) to move towards each other and meet at a point
There was a signpost where the two paths converged.
3/ [intransitive] converge (on…) (of people or vehicles) to move towards a place from different directions and meet
Thousands of supporters converged on London for the rally.
Police forces across the country are pooling resources in order to solve this crime.

Question 64

-spin off sth: phrasal verb of spin
1/(of a parent company) turn a subsidiary into a new and separate company.
“the corporation announced plans to spin off its computer systems arm”
2/ produce something new based on a popular television program, movie, personality, etc.
“the group hopes to spin off a TV series based on the movie”
-Spinoff – n [C}
1/ a product that develops from another more important product:
The research has had spinoffs in the development of medical equipment.
2/a television or other show involving characters from a previous show:
The stage show is a spinoff from a TV show.
3/ A spinoff is also a separate company formed from parts of an existing company.

Question 65

Envisage /ɪnˈvɪzɪdʒ/= envision (US) verb: to imagine what will happen in the future
envisage something What level of profit do you envisage?
envisage (somebody) doing something I can’t envisage her coping with this job.
I don’t envisage working with him again.
it is envisaged that… It is envisaged that the talks will take place in the spring.
envisage that… I envisage that the work will be completed next year.
envisage how, where, etc… It is difficult to envisage how people will react.

Question 66

-Asymmetry [c] /eɪˈsɪm.ə.tri/: the condition of not being equal or equally available between two people or groups :
power/information asymmetries
Economic asymmetry between the rich and the poor has worsened in recent years.
-Asymmetric /ˌeɪ.sɪˈmet.rɪk/ (also asymmetrical) adj.: involving actions or parts that are not similar or not balanced, especially because one is much bigger or more powerful than the other:
He spoke about the asymmetric nature of many of the conflicts in the world today.
Though both sides have responsibilities under the agreement, their relationship is asymmetrical.
See also: asymmetric warfare (war between forces that are very different in size and in the weapons and abilities that they have, especially war between a large conventional (= traditional) army and a smaller group that has to use unusual methods: Asymmetric warfare has revealed the limitations of large, immobile armies.)
OPP:
- symmetry -noun [ U ] /ˈsɪm.ə.tri/;
- symmetrical /sɪˈmet.rɪ.kəl/ (also symmetric)
involving actions or parts that are similar or balanced in some way:
Nothing in this music is balanced or symmetrical or in any way predictable.