A&P 3.6 Lymphatic vessels & disorders Flashcards
Occipitofrontalis
A, I , O
Superior attachment: galea aponeurotica
Inferior attachment: frontalis - skin over eyebrows
Occipitalis- superior nuchal line of the occiput
Action - frontalis - raises eyebrows and wrinkles forehead
Occipitalis - anchors and retracts the galea posteriorly
Galea aponeurotica
Sheet like tissue over top of skull
Connects frontalis to occipitalis
Hypothenar muscles
3
Abductor digiti minimi - superficial
Flexor digiti minimi brevis - medial
Opponens digiti minimi - deep
Hypothernar eminence
Ulnar side of the palm
Formed by three muscles
Opposite side of the thenar
Abductor digiti minimi
A, I, o
Action - abducts the little finger (5th finger) at the MP joint, assists in opposition of the 5th finger towards the thumb
Proximal attachment -Pisiform, hamate and flexor retinaculum
Insertion - base of proximal phalange of 5th finger
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
A, I, o
Action - Flexes small short finger (5th finger) at the MP joint, assists in opposition of the 5th finger toward the joint
Proximal attachment -Pisiform, hamate and flexor retinaculum
Insertion - base of proximal phalange of 5th finger
Opponens digiti minimi
Action - Opposes 5th finger at the CM joint
Proximal attachment -Pisiform, hamate and flexor retinaculum
Insertion - shaft of the 5th metacarpal
All three have same proximal attachment
Pisiform, hamate and flexor retinaculum
2 most anteromedial metacarpals
Lymphatic system functions
Interact with cardiovascular system and digestive system
1 - immune response made of lymphocytes - T&B cells
2 - drain excess interstitial fluid
3 - transports lipids and lipid soluble vitamins ( A, D, E, K) from GI system to blood
Leukocytes
A type of lymphocyte and are created in red bone marrow in epiphysis in adults
Components
4
Lymph vessels
Lymph nodes
Fluid - lymph
Lymphatic structures
Lymph vessels
Capillaries to vessels to ducts
2 ducts- right and left
Right is the lymphatic duct
Left is the thoracic duct
Lymph nodes
Encapsulated tissue along the lymph vessels
Lymph NODULES are not encapsulated
Fluid
Lymph
Lymphatic structures
Primary and secondary structures
Lymphatic system is a one way system due to
Overlapping cell walls
Regulated by pressure gradients
Lymph flow
Plasma leaves capillaries and becomes extracellular fluid (interstitial), most goes back two capillaries and becomes plasma again. Remaining fluid not used by cells goes into a lymphatic capillary and becomes lymph where it is eventually reintroduced back to the cardiovascular system.
Lymph flow sequence
Blood capillaries - plasma Interstitial space - interstitial fluid Lymphatic capillaries - 10% - lymph Lymphatic vessels and nodes - lymph Lymphatic ducts - lymph Subclavian veins - plasma
Organs versus tissues in the lymphatic system
An organ in the lymphatic system must be encapsulated or it is a tissue
Lymphatic organs and tissue
Primary 2
Red bone marrow
Thymus gland
WHERE LYMPHOCYTES ARE MADE AND GROW TO MATURITY
Red bone marrow
Primary lymphatic structure
White blood cells created here including
- lymphocytes - B cells ready for action
- T cells - go through thymus gland
BONE MARROW IS AN ORGAN
RED BONE MARROW IN FLAT BONES AND EPSYSIS in long bones
Thymus gland
Primary lymphatic structure
Located between the sternum and the aorta
Where immature T cells become mature T cells (only 2% survive)
Job of T cells is to be appropriately aggressive
Large in infants and become small as adult (atrophies with age)
Secondary lymphatic organs and tissues
3
Lymph nodes
Tonsils
Spleen
WHERE MOST IMMUNE RESPONSES OCCUR
Lymph nodes
FILTERS LYMPH
Located along lymphatic vessels
Encapsulated - surrounded by dense connective tissue)
Inside a network of reticular fibers - weblike with T & B cells
LYMPH NODES ARE AN ORGAN
Tonsils
Not encapsulated tissue 5 different tonsils Also known as nodules NOT AN ORGAN 2 - palantine 2 - pharyngeal 1 - lingual
Palantine tonsil
2 of them
Located on either side of the throat
Usually removed in a tonsillectomy
Pharyngeal tonsils
Adenoids
Near the posterior opening of the nasal cavity
Lingual tonsils
Single
Near base of the tongue
Afferent versus efferent lymphatic vessels
Afferent in to lymph node
Efferent out of the lymph node
Secondary lymphatic tissues/ organs
Spleen
Largest mass of lymphatic tissue
Located in the left upper quadrant between stomach and diaphragm
Dense connective tissue, most often injured in abdominal trauma
Two types of tissue: WHITE AND RED PULP/TISSUE
Spleen
White pulp
Lymphatic tissue Contains lymphocytes (T&B cells) and MACROPHAGES
Macrophages
Large eaters
White blood cells that eat antigens
Red pulp
Venous sinuses (direct contact with blood)
Removal of worn out blood cells
Storage of blood cells (platelets) - 1/3 of bodies supply
Fetal red blood cell production
Stores iron (along with bone marrow and liver)
Disorders of the lymphatic system
4
Lymphedema
Lymphangitis
Lymphoma
Tonsillitis
Lympodema
Blockage of lymph flow causing edema (pitting edema)
Massage do not touch pitting edema
Doctor’s note for non pitting edema
Lymphangitis
Inflammation of lymph vessels, painful red streaking
Do not massage if you have skin trouble (hang nails) it’s a location where bacteria can get in and cause the therapist dangerous infection
Lymphoma
Tumor of the lymph nodes
2 categories
Hodgkins and non-hodgkins
Tonsillitis
Acute or chronic inflammation of the tonsils
CONTRAINDICATED WHEN ACUTE FOR MASSAGE
