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A&P 3 > A&P 3.15 Nutrition > Flashcards

A&P 3.15 Nutrition Flashcards

0
Q

Rectus CAPITIS posterior major

A,I,o

A

Origin: spinous process axis (c2)

Insertion: inferior nuchal line of occiput

Action: all contribute to neck extension (postural), rock and tilt head into extension, rotate head to same side

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1
Q

Suboccipital muscles

4

A

Rectus CAPITIS posterior major
Rectus CAPITIS posterior minor
Obliquus CAPITIS superior
Obliquus CAPITIS inferior

Deepest muscles in the neck

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2
Q

Rectus CAPITIS posterior minor

A

Origin: tubercle of posterior arch of atlas (c1)

Insertion: inferior nuchal line of occiput

Action: all contribute to neck extension (postural), rock and tilt head into extension
Superior to major

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3
Q

Obliquuis CAPITIS superior

A,I, o

A

Origin: transverse process of atlas (c1)

Insertion: between nuchal lines of occiput

Action: all contribute to neck extension (postural), rock and tilt head into extension, laterally flexes to same side

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4
Q

Obloquus CAPITIS inferior

A, I, o

A

Origin: spinous process of axis (c2)

Insertion: transverse process of the atlas (c1)

Action: all contribute to neck extension (postural), rotate head to same side

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5
Q

Look at atlas and axis parts

A

.

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6
Q

Nutrition

Defined

A

The foods we eat and the nutrients they contain

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7
Q

Nutrients

Define

6 primary

A

Chemical substances in foods that body cells use for growth, maintenance and repair

Water, carbs, proteins, lipids, vitamins and minerals

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8
Q

Water

A

Nutrient needed in the largest amount
2-8 liters per day
Medium in which metabolic actions occur

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9
Q

Carbs, lipids, proteins, vitamins & minerals provide

A

Energy needed for metabolic reactions and serve as building blocks to make structure

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10
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Organic compounds-sugars, glycogen, starches and cellulose

Sugar and starches are the primary sources for chemical energy
Simple or complex

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11
Q

3 types of carbohydrates

A

Polysaccharides
Disaccharides
Monosaccharides

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12
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Poly - many or complex
Need to be broken down to be absorbed
Starches in vegetables, grains and other plant tissue
Broken down into simple carbs before absorption

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13
Q

Disaccharides

A

Di- double/complex
Need to be broken down before absorption
Refined sugars, sucrose, lactose,maltose

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14
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Mono-simple
Absorbed directly
Fructose, glucose, galactose

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15
Q

Lipids

A

Organic compounds- fats, oils, related substances

Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Cholesterol

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16
Q

Triglycerides

A 
Most common in diet
Stores energy (body fat)
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17
Q

Phospholipids

A

Form cell membranes (plasma membranes)

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18
Q

Cholesterol

A

A steroid

Also needed for cell membranes

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19
Q

Dietary fats characterized as

A

Saturated or unsaturated

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20
Q

Saturated

A

All available chemical bonds are filled or saturated with hydrogen atoms
Usually solid at room temperature

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21
Q

Unsaturated

A

Not all bonding sites are filled

Usually liquid at room temperature

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22
Q

Proteins

A

Large molecules made up of chains of amino acids
Used for structure (collagen) and in the following processes: transport, movement, defense and regulation
Sources: meat and animal protein, non-meat sources (lack required amino acids): nuts, whole grains, legumes

23
Q

Amino acids

A

Building blocks of proteins
Approximately 20 amino acids

Essential and non-essential

24
Q

Essential amino acids

A

Not produced by the body

Needed to be acquired from the diet

25
Q

Non-essential

A

Produced/synthesized by the body

26
Q

Vitamins

A

Organic nutrients required in small amounts to maintain growth and normal metabolism

27
Q

Role of vitamins in the body

A

Do not provide energy or serves as building materials
Most vitamins with known functions are coenzymes
Most cannot be produced by the body
Must be ingested in food
EXCEPTIONS INCLUDE VITAMINS D & K

28
Q

2 main groups of vitamins

A

Fat soluble

Water soluble

29
Q

Fat soluble

A

A, D, E & K

CAN BE STORED

30
Q

Water soluble

A

B & C

CANNOT BE STORED

31
Q

Minerals

A

Inorganic elements that occur naturally in the earth
Some functions as catalysts
Some work in buffer systems

32
Q

Metabolism

A

Greek for change or overthrow
Complex, intertwining set of chemical processes

Includes anabolism and catabolism

33
Q

Food molecules absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract have three main fates:

A

Supply energy - carbohydrates
Serve as building blocks - protein (amino acids)
Stored for future use - lipids

34
Q

Anabolism and catabolism

A

Metabolic pathways

Inside cells that happen continuously and concurrently

35
Q

Anabolism

A

Ana-upwards
Builds/synthesis
Uses energy
Larger molecules from smaller

36
Q

Catabolism

A

Cata-downward
Breaks down/releases energy
Breaks food down into simpler compounds

37
Q

Preferred carbohydrate for use by cells

A

Glucose
Used for
ATP production, amino acid synthesis, glycogen synthesis, triglyceride synthesis

38
Q

ATP production

A

Glucose used to produce ATP for immediate energy

39
Q

Amino acid synthesis

A

Used to for several amino acids

40
Q

Glycogen synthesis

A

Hepatocytes (liver cells) and muscle fibers can perform GLYCOGENESIS

41
Q

GLYCOGENESIS

A

Glyco- sugar, genesis-to generate

Glucose turned into glycogen

42
Q

Triglyceride synthesis

A

When glycogen storage areas are filled up, liver cells can transform glucose to glycerol & fatty acids that can be used for lipogenesis
Triglycerides are the stored I adipose tissue which has virtually UNLIMITED STORAGE CAPACITY

43
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

Opposite of GLYCOGENESIS

Process of breaking down glycogen molecules

44
Q

Hyperglycemia

A

High blood sugar levels

Most often from untreated DIABETES MELLITUS

45
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

Low blood sugar

Seen in starvation or too much insulin

46
Q

Impact of energy balance and body weight

A

More energy in / less out = stored calories

More energy out / less in = energy burned

47
Q

Eating disorders

A

Anorexia nervosa

Bulimia

48
Q

Anorexia nervosa

A

Self-induced starvation and unusual eating rituals

49
Q

Bulimia

A

Binge - purge syndrome

50
Q

Obesity

A

Not necessarily an eating disorder, but may be a symptom of chronic over-eating
Eating disorders usually have an underlying motion all cause
May also be a symptom of a metabolic disorder

51
Q

Vitamin disorders

A

Deficiencies - avitaminosis

Excess vitamins - hypervitaminosis

52
Q

Avitaminosis

A

Vitamin deficiency
Can lead to significant metabolic problems
Lack of vitamin C - scurvy

53
Q

Hypervitaminosis

A

Can be as serious as a deficiency
Toxicity
Usually seen in fat soluble vitamins

54
Q

PKU

A

Phenylketonuria
Rare condition where you can’t break down an amino acid
Causes retardation

A&P 3 (18 decks)

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