A&P 3.15 Nutrition Flashcards
Rectus CAPITIS posterior major
A,I,o
Origin: spinous process axis (c2)
Insertion: inferior nuchal line of occiput
Action: all contribute to neck extension (postural), rock and tilt head into extension, rotate head to same side
Suboccipital muscles
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Rectus CAPITIS posterior major
Rectus CAPITIS posterior minor
Obliquus CAPITIS superior
Obliquus CAPITIS inferior
Deepest muscles in the neck
Rectus CAPITIS posterior minor
Origin: tubercle of posterior arch of atlas (c1)
Insertion: inferior nuchal line of occiput
Action: all contribute to neck extension (postural), rock and tilt head into extension
Superior to major
Obliquuis CAPITIS superior
A,I, o
Origin: transverse process of atlas (c1)
Insertion: between nuchal lines of occiput
Action: all contribute to neck extension (postural), rock and tilt head into extension, laterally flexes to same side
Obloquus CAPITIS inferior
A, I, o
Origin: spinous process of axis (c2)
Insertion: transverse process of the atlas (c1)
Action: all contribute to neck extension (postural), rotate head to same side
Look at atlas and axis parts
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Nutrition
Defined
The foods we eat and the nutrients they contain
Nutrients
Define
6 primary
Chemical substances in foods that body cells use for growth, maintenance and repair
Water, carbs, proteins, lipids, vitamins and minerals
Water
Nutrient needed in the largest amount
2-8 liters per day
Medium in which metabolic actions occur
Carbs, lipids, proteins, vitamins & minerals provide
Energy needed for metabolic reactions and serve as building blocks to make structure
Carbohydrates
Organic compounds-sugars, glycogen, starches and cellulose
Sugar and starches are the primary sources for chemical energy
Simple or complex
3 types of carbohydrates
Polysaccharides
Disaccharides
Monosaccharides
Polysaccharides
Poly - many or complex
Need to be broken down to be absorbed
Starches in vegetables, grains and other plant tissue
Broken down into simple carbs before absorption
Disaccharides
Di- double/complex
Need to be broken down before absorption
Refined sugars, sucrose, lactose,maltose
Monosaccharides
Mono-simple
Absorbed directly
Fructose, glucose, galactose
Lipids
Organic compounds- fats, oils, related substances
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Triglycerides
Most common in diet Stores energy (body fat)
Phospholipids
Form cell membranes (plasma membranes)
Cholesterol
A steroid
Also needed for cell membranes
Dietary fats characterized as
Saturated or unsaturated
Saturated
All available chemical bonds are filled or saturated with hydrogen atoms
Usually solid at room temperature
Unsaturated
Not all bonding sites are filled
Usually liquid at room temperature
Proteins
Large molecules made up of chains of amino acids
Used for structure (collagen) and in the following processes: transport, movement, defense and regulation
Sources: meat and animal protein, non-meat sources (lack required amino acids): nuts, whole grains, legumes
Amino acids
Building blocks of proteins
Approximately 20 amino acids
Essential and non-essential
Essential amino acids
Not produced by the body
Needed to be acquired from the diet
Non-essential
Produced/synthesized by the body
Vitamins
Organic nutrients required in small amounts to maintain growth and normal metabolism
Role of vitamins in the body
Do not provide energy or serves as building materials
Most vitamins with known functions are coenzymes
Most cannot be produced by the body
Must be ingested in food
EXCEPTIONS INCLUDE VITAMINS D & K
2 main groups of vitamins
Fat soluble
Water soluble
Fat soluble
A, D, E & K
CAN BE STORED
Water soluble
B & C
CANNOT BE STORED
Minerals
Inorganic elements that occur naturally in the earth
Some functions as catalysts
Some work in buffer systems
Metabolism
Greek for change or overthrow
Complex, intertwining set of chemical processes
Includes anabolism and catabolism
Food molecules absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract have three main fates:
Supply energy - carbohydrates
Serve as building blocks - protein (amino acids)
Stored for future use - lipids
Anabolism and catabolism
Metabolic pathways
Inside cells that happen continuously and concurrently
Anabolism
Ana-upwards
Builds/synthesis
Uses energy
Larger molecules from smaller
Catabolism
Cata-downward
Breaks down/releases energy
Breaks food down into simpler compounds
Preferred carbohydrate for use by cells
Glucose
Used for
ATP production, amino acid synthesis, glycogen synthesis, triglyceride synthesis
ATP production
Glucose used to produce ATP for immediate energy
Amino acid synthesis
Used to for several amino acids
Glycogen synthesis
Hepatocytes (liver cells) and muscle fibers can perform GLYCOGENESIS
GLYCOGENESIS
Glyco- sugar, genesis-to generate
Glucose turned into glycogen
Triglyceride synthesis
When glycogen storage areas are filled up, liver cells can transform glucose to glycerol & fatty acids that can be used for lipogenesis
Triglycerides are the stored I adipose tissue which has virtually UNLIMITED STORAGE CAPACITY
Glycogenolysis
Opposite of GLYCOGENESIS
Process of breaking down glycogen molecules
Hyperglycemia
High blood sugar levels
Most often from untreated DIABETES MELLITUS
Hypoglycemia
Low blood sugar
Seen in starvation or too much insulin
Impact of energy balance and body weight
More energy in / less out = stored calories
More energy out / less in = energy burned
Eating disorders
Anorexia nervosa
Bulimia
Anorexia nervosa
Self-induced starvation and unusual eating rituals
Bulimia
Binge - purge syndrome
Obesity
Not necessarily an eating disorder, but may be a symptom of chronic over-eating
Eating disorders usually have an underlying motion all cause
May also be a symptom of a metabolic disorder
Vitamin disorders
Deficiencies - avitaminosis
Excess vitamins - hypervitaminosis
Avitaminosis
Vitamin deficiency
Can lead to significant metabolic problems
Lack of vitamin C - scurvy
Hypervitaminosis
Can be as serious as a deficiency
Toxicity
Usually seen in fat soluble vitamins
PKU
Phenylketonuria
Rare condition where you can’t break down an amino acid
Causes retardation
