A&P 3.12 Respiratory system

Question 1

Scalenes

Answer 1

Anterior
Middle
Posterior

Question 2

Anterior scalenes

A, I, O

Answer 2

Superior attachment - front of TP C3-C6

Inferior attachment - inner, upper edge of first rib

Action - lateral flexion of the neck, flexion

Question 3

Middle scalenes

A,I, O

Answer 3

Superior attachment - back of TP C2-C7

Inferior attachment - outer, upper edge of first rib

Action - lateral flexion of the neck

Question 4

Posterior scalenes

A, I, O

Answer 4

Superior attachment - back of TP C5, or C6, C7

Inferior attachment - lateral surface of 2nd, sometimes 3rd rib

Action - lateral flexion of the neck

Question 5

Intercostals

A, I, O

Answer 5

Superior attachment: external/internal - inferior border of rib above

Inferior attachment: external/internal - superior border of rib below

Actions:

External - assist inspiration by contracting
Internal - assist expiration by contracting

Question 6

Respiration

Process of air exchange in the body

Answer 6

Air moves into the lungs where air pressure inside the lungs is less than air pressure in the atmosphere
Air moves out of the lungs when air pressure is greater than pressure in the atmosphere

Question 7

3 types of ventilation

Answer 7

Pulmonary ventilation
External respiration
Internal respiration

Question 8

Pulmonary ventilation

Answer 8

Inhalation and exchange - exchanges gasses between the atmosphere and lungs

Question 9

External respiration

Answer 9

Air goes from the external environment in the lungs into our body
Exchange of gasses between the lungs and the Hb stream

Question 10

Internal respiration

Answer 10

Deep within our body
Exchange of gasses between the blood at capillaries and tissues
Everywhere but the lungs

AKA cellular respiration within cells
Cells use the oxygen and carbon dioxide as a waste product

Question 11

Inhalation

Primary muscles that contract

Answer 11

ACTIVE
Muscles that contract- diaphragm 75% (contracts by flattening), external intercostals 25% ( take ribs up and out, expanding for inhalation)

Question 12

Active inhalation

Accessory muscles

Answer 12

Accessory muscle for inhalation
Scalenes
SCM
Pectoralis minor

Question 13

Exhalation

Answer 13

USUALLY PASSIVE
Occurs when muscles relax

Forced exhalation occurs with exercise, sneezing, coughing, playing a wind instrument

Question 14

Forced exhalation

Answer 14

Muscles - contraction of internal intercostals and all abdominal muscles during forced exhalation

Question 15

Breathing

5

Answer 15

Normal full breathing
Shallow breathing
Eupnea
Apnea
Dysnea

Question 16

Normal full breathing

Answer 16

Diaphragmatic breathing

Question 17

Shallow breathing

Answer 17

Costal/chest breathing

Question 18

Eupnea

Answer 18

Another name for normal quiet breathing

12-17 breaths/minute

Question 19

Apnea

Answer 19

An absence of breathing

Can lead to hypertension, death

Question 20

Dyspnea

Answer 20

Difficulty breathing

Question 21

Hypoxia

Answer 21

Lack of oxygen in our tissues

Question 22

Ischemia

Answer 22

Lack of blood flow

Question 23

Blood transport of gasses

Answer 23

Red blood cell picks up oxygen (98+%)
Goes to left atrium
Exits heart via aorta to body
Releases oxygen to cells
Carbon dioxide picked up by plasma (70%) and RBC (23%)

Question 24

Regulation of breathing mechanisms

Answer 24

Homeostasis is usually maintained by changing rate and depth of breathing
Medulla controls rhythmic breathing
Cerebrum can voluntary control breathing within limits

Question 25

Influences on respiration

Answer 25

Anticipation of activity
Temperature
Pain
Stretching of anal sphincter
Irritation to airways
Emotion - lymbic system

Question 26

Disorders associated with respiratory function

Answer 26

Restrictive or obstructive

Question 27

Restrictive disorders

Answer 27

Fibrosis
Obesity
Spinal deformation
Autoimmune - RA

Question 28

Obstructive

Answer 28

Bronchitis
COPD
Emphysema
asthma