A&P 3.12 Respiratory system Flashcards
Scalenes
Anterior
Middle
Posterior
Anterior scalenes
A, I, O
Superior attachment - front of TP C3-C6
Inferior attachment - inner, upper edge of first rib
Action - lateral flexion of the neck, flexion
Middle scalenes
A,I, O
Superior attachment - back of TP C2-C7
Inferior attachment - outer, upper edge of first rib
Action - lateral flexion of the neck
Posterior scalenes
A, I, O
Superior attachment - back of TP C5, or C6, C7
Inferior attachment - lateral surface of 2nd, sometimes 3rd rib
Action - lateral flexion of the neck
Intercostals
A, I, O
Superior attachment: external/internal - inferior border of rib above
Inferior attachment: external/internal - superior border of rib below
Actions:
External - assist inspiration by contracting
Internal - assist expiration by contracting
Respiration
Process of air exchange in the body
Air moves into the lungs where air pressure inside the lungs is less than air pressure in the atmosphere
Air moves out of the lungs when air pressure is greater than pressure in the atmosphere
3 types of ventilation
Pulmonary ventilation
External respiration
Internal respiration
Pulmonary ventilation
Inhalation and exchange - exchanges gasses between the atmosphere and lungs
External respiration
Air goes from the external environment in the lungs into our body
Exchange of gasses between the lungs and the Hb stream
Internal respiration
Deep within our body
Exchange of gasses between the blood at capillaries and tissues
Everywhere but the lungs
AKA cellular respiration within cells
Cells use the oxygen and carbon dioxide as a waste product
Inhalation
Primary muscles that contract
ACTIVE
Muscles that contract- diaphragm 75% (contracts by flattening), external intercostals 25% ( take ribs up and out, expanding for inhalation)
Active inhalation
Accessory muscles
Accessory muscle for inhalation
Scalenes
SCM
Pectoralis minor
Exhalation
USUALLY PASSIVE
Occurs when muscles relax
Forced exhalation occurs with exercise, sneezing, coughing, playing a wind instrument
Forced exhalation
Muscles - contraction of internal intercostals and all abdominal muscles during forced exhalation
Breathing
5
Normal full breathing Shallow breathing Eupnea Apnea Dysnea
Normal full breathing
Diaphragmatic breathing
Shallow breathing
Costal/chest breathing
Eupnea
Another name for normal quiet breathing
12-17 breaths/minute
Apnea
An absence of breathing
Can lead to hypertension, death
Dyspnea
Difficulty breathing
Hypoxia
Lack of oxygen in our tissues
Ischemia
Lack of blood flow
Blood transport of gasses
Red blood cell picks up oxygen (98+%) Goes to left atrium Exits heart via aorta to body Releases oxygen to cells Carbon dioxide picked up by plasma (70%) and RBC (23%)
Regulation of breathing mechanisms
Homeostasis is usually maintained by changing rate and depth of breathing
Medulla controls rhythmic breathing
Cerebrum can voluntary control breathing within limits
Influences on respiration
Anticipation of activity Temperature Pain Stretching of anal sphincter Irritation to airways Emotion - lymbic system
Disorders associated with respiratory function
Restrictive or obstructive
Restrictive disorders
Fibrosis
Obesity
Spinal deformation
Autoimmune - RA
Obstructive
Bronchitis
COPD
Emphysema
asthma
