A&P 3.10 Immunity Flashcards
Extensor hallicis longus
A, I, O
Origin: anteromedial surface of the fibula and interosseous membrane
Insertion: base of distal phalanx of great toe (hallicis)
Action: extension/dorsiflexion the big toe
Extensor digitorum longus
A, I , O
Origin: lateral condyle of tibia and superior 2/3 anterior margin of fibula
Insertion: by four tendons to dorsal surface of bases of proximal, middle, and digital phalanges of toes 2-5
Action: extension/dorsiflexion of the 4 lateral toes
Lymphocytes
T - cells- cancer & virus- attack directly
B - cells - bacteria - antibody producing before attack
NK- attack everything that is not self
Monocytes
Monocytes in blood stream
Macrophages in tissue
Can be either fixed/stationary or wandering/roaming about
WBC production
Produced by pluripotent stem cells in red bone marrow
Using hemopoiesis or hematopoiesis
Non-specific immunity
General defense that lacks specific responses
Responds same way regardless of invader
Acts against anything not recognized as self
INNATE IMMUNITY
Mechanisms of nonspecific defense
Species resistance - human properties that protect the body from pathogens that are not of the same species
First line of defense
Mechanical and physical barriers
Epidermis and mucous membranes - prevent foreign substances from entering the internal environment
NON-SPECIFIC
Second line of defense
Inflammation Phagocytosis Neutrophils Macrophages Natural killer cells Interferon Complement
NON-SPECIFIC
Inflammation
Isolates pathogen and stimulates fast arrival immune cells
Phagocytosis
Ingestion and destruction of pathogen by
Neutrophils
Macrophages
Neutrophils
Phagocytosis
First phagocytes to arrive
Macrophages
Monocytes in blood, macrophages in tissue
Capable of consuming many pathogens
Arrive second, take longer to arrive, smaller in numbers than neutrophils but they eat more
Natural killer cells
Non-specific because of wise variety of possible actions
Lymphocytes that tend to kill viruses and cancer
Attack directly
Proteins
Interferon
Complement
Interferon
Protein
Produced by cells after viral infection
Inhibit the spread of the virus
Complement
Protein
Enzymes that cause “lysis” or rupture of foreign cell
Third line of defense
Specific or adaptive immunity
Mechanisms by which the immune system is able to recognize, remember and destroy specific types of bacteria or toxins
T and B cells (lymphocytes) derived from hematopoietic stem cells
RECOGNIZE, REMEMBER AND DESTROY
T cells
Attack pathogens more directly
T cell immune mechanisms are classified as CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY
Development of T cells
T cells start in red bone marrow
Go to thymus gland to mature
Migrate to lymph nodes and spleen as mature T cells
T cells defend from viral disease and cancer
Cytotoxic
Specific T cells cause contact killing/release of macrophages which then eat cells
Memory
Remain in lymphatic tissue and recognize the original invading antigen to initiate a faster reaction than during first invasion
Helper & suppressor
Help regulate T & B cells
Cell mediated immunity
T cell immunity
Development of B cells
Antibody mediated/humoral immunity
B cells do not attack pathogens themselves but instead produce molecules called antibodies
The antibodies attack pathogens or direct other cells such as phagocytes, to attack them
B cell mechanism are classified as anti-body mediated immunity
Development of B cells
Occurs as a fetus in the yolk sac. Then in the bone marrow or liver
Antibody
Plasma protein (immunoglobulin) A native molecule normally present in the body Designed to react to or with specific antigen
Antigen
Antibody generating
Macromolecules (large) that as a result of contact induce the immune system to make certain responses
Most antigens are formed proteins
Many are located on the walls or outer membranes of micro-organisms, or the outer coat of virus
Antigen-antibody reactions
Antibodies fight disease first by recognizing substances that are foreign or abnormal
Antibodies bind producing one or more effects
These effects can transform antigens that are toxins into harmless substances, or make antigens stick together for phagocytize cells to dispose of more rapidly
Disorders of the immune system
Either over react to antigens or fail to react to antigens to produce disease
Hypersensitivities
Over reactions
A type of inappropriate or excessive response of the immune system
Hypersensativities
Allergy
Autoimmunity
Isoimmunity
Allergy
Hypersensitivity to harmless environmental antigens
Autoimmunity
An inappropriate or excessive response to self antigens
Isoimmmunity
A normal reaction (often undesirable) of the immune system to antigens from a different individual of the same species (pregnancy, tissue transplant)
Deficiencies of the immune system
AIDS & congenital deficiency of the immune system
