A&P 3.14 digestive physiology Flashcards
Pronator quadratus
Origin: medial, anterior distal 1/4th surface of the ulna
Insertion: lateral, anterior distal 1/4th of radius
Action: pronate forearm
Pronation teres
A, I, O
Origin: common flexor tendon (medial epicondyle of the humerus and coronoid process of ulna
Insertion: middle of lateral surface of radius
Action: pronate forearm, assists elbow flexion
MATCHED TO SUPINATOR IN SIZE AND OPPOSING ACTION
Radioulnar joint
Between radius and ulna at the tuberosities
Medial to lateral forearm muscles
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Palmaris longus
Flexor carpi radialis
Pronation teres
Digestive process
Overview
Brings essential nutrients into the internal environment so they are available to every cell in the body
Ingestion
Liquids and food taken in
Eating
Secretion
Water, acids, buffers, enzymes
Assist in both chemical and physical digestion of food
Motility
Movement of the GI tract
Physically breaks down and moves contents
Digestion
Complex nutrients broken down into simpler nutrients
Absorption
Movement of nutrients through the GI mucosa into the internal environment
Elimination
Excretion of material not absorbed
Mechanical digestion
Mastication
Deglutition
Peristalsis
Segmentation
Mastication
Mixes food with saliva
Deglutition
Swallowing
Peristalsis
Wavelike ripples of the muscle layers
What moves the food downward
Segmentation
Mixing movements within digestive tract but more about mixing it up than moving
Chemical digestion
6 main types of chemical substances
Carbohydrates Proteins Fats (lipids) Water Vitamins Minerals
Chemical substances that need chemical digestion prior to absorption
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Fats
Enzymes
Organic catalysts
Proteins that accelerate chemical reactions without showing up in the final product
Very specific in action - key-in-lock
Enzymes
3 types
Amalyse
Pro teases
Lipase a
Amylase
Breaks down carbohydrates to glucose
Found in saliva, pancreatic juice and lining of small intestine
Proteases
Break down proteins to amino acids
Found in gastric juices, pancreatic juice and lining of small intestine
Lipases
Break down lipids to fatty acids and glycerol
Pancreatic juice
Digestive secretion
Release of various substances from exocrine glands
Includes: saliva, gastric juice, bile and intestinal juice
Control of digestive gland secretion
When food is seen, smelled, thought or heard
The brain activates digestive secretion in the mouth and stomach
Food itself in the stomach and small intestines activate other secretory pathways
Absorption
Passage of substances through the intestinal mucosa into the blood and lymph
Fats pass into the lymphatic system and are absorbed, all other nutrients are absorbed by cardiovascular capillaries
Elimination
Expulsion of the residue of digestion
Feces
Defication
The process of removing feces
Gastroenteritis
Umbrella term for stomach and GI inflammation
Anorexia
Having to appetite
Versus anorexia nervosa - mental issues with weight control
Nausea
Non-specific symptom of uneasiness in the stomach
Emisis
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Having loose or liquid bowel movements
More then 3 per day
Constipation
Infrequent or hard to pass bowel movements
Ulcer
H pylori
Bacterial
Loss of the lining, an open wound
Stomach cancer
Gastric cancer
Diverticulosis
Out poaching of the intestional wall
Colitis
Inflammation of the colon
Malabsorption
Inability to absorb nutrients
IBS
Irritable bowel disease
Umbrella term for irritable bowel movement
Hepatitis
A, b, c, d, e
Viral, either fecal, oral, blood born
Pancreatitis
Inflammation of the pancreas
Celiac
Can’t digest gluten
Constipation or diarrhea
Crohns
Auto-immune
Bolus
Ball of food and saliva
Chyme
Bonus with gastric juices
Transitions from bolus to chyme at the stomach
Feces
Solid waste
Transition from chyme to feces at large intestine
Turn chart into cards
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