9.2 The Digestive System Flashcards
is a hollow tube that extends from the tail through the body and head to join the common bile duct
Pancreatic duct (Duct of Wirsung)
a mixture of digestive enzymes, is secreted by the pancreatic lobules and passes through the pancreatic duct
Pancreatic Juice
the pancreas is a dual or mixed gland consisting of an exocrine and an endocrine part
Mixed Gland
are nests of cells scattered throughout the pancreas and form the endocrine part
Island (Islets of Langerhans)
a hormone that is absorbed directly into blood capillaries
Insulin
the largest solid organ in the body, and may weight three pounds
Liver
(G) Hepar
is a slit on the inferior surface of the right lobe by which the portal vein, hepatic artery, lymphatics, and nerves enter the liver substance
Portal Hepatic (Gate of Liver) or transverse fissure
draining the stomach, intestine, pancreas and spleen enters the liver. It breaks up into smaller branches and these end in sinusoids or minute blood spaces within the liver
Portal vein
a branch of the celiac trunk, also enters the liver beside the postal vein
Hepatic artery
beginning as minute central veins in each liver lobule, collect blood from the sinusoids and hepatic capillaries, and empty into the inferior vena cava behind the liver
Three hepatic veins
Composed of incomplete lobes, a large right, a smaller left, and a small quadrate and caudate lobes
Liver
minute bile ducts
Canaliculi
hollow pear shaped organ that lies against a depression on the inferior surface of the liver, in the upper right anterior abdomen. It may be from 5 to 10.8 cm or 2 to 4.5 inches in length
Gallbladder
collects bile from the lobes of the liver and convey it to the common hepatic duct outside of the liver
Right and Left hepatic ducts
formed by the union of the right and left hepatic duct
Common hepatic duct
is a hollow tube that passes from the gall bladder to join the common hepatic duct
Cystic duct
is formed in upper right posterior abdomen by the union of the common hepatic and cystic duct
Common bile duct – choledochus or bile duct
ampulla Vater
Hepatopancreatic ampulla
sphincter of Oddi
Hepatopancreatic Sphincter
(Arteries) to esophagus and stomach
Celiac Trunk
o Left gastric
(Arteries) to pancreas and spleen
Celiac Trunk
o Splenic
(Arteries) to liver, GB, pancreas and duodenum
Celiac Trunk
(Arteries) small intestine and proximal half of large intestine
Superior mesenteric artery
(Arteries) to distal half of large intestine
Inferior mesenteric artery
(Veins) from the distal half of large intestine, joins the splenic vein
Inferior mesenteric vein
(Veins) from proximal half of large intestine and small intestine
Superior mesenteric vein
(Veins) from the spleen, pancreas and stomach, also joined by inferior mesenteric vein
Splenic vein
(Veins) formed by the union of the superior mesenteric vein and splenic veins enters the liver and divides into many capillaries (sinusoids). These unite to form the hepatic veins which empties into the inferior vena cava
Portal vein
(Veins) from GB, coronary and pyloric veins
Cystic vein
hormone secreted by pyloric glands, absorbed by blood, carried to the glands of the body and fundus of the stomach, to stimulate the secretion of gastric juice by these glands
Gastrin
hormones secreted by the mucosa of the small intestine, carried by blood to the pancreas and liver
Secretin and pancreozymin
hormone secreted by the mucosa of the small intestine and carried by blood to the gall bladder and bile ducts
Cholecystokinin
enzyme for starch
Salivary amylase or ptyalin
Pepsinogen + hydrochloric acid =
pepsin
enzyme for milk
Renin
hormone in stomach
Gastrin
Vit. B12 absorption
Intrinsic factor
a protease enzyme – breaks down proteins
Erepsin
enzymes for sugars
Sucrase, maltase, lactase
to combine with trypsinogen
Enterokinase
release brush-border alkaline phosphatase into the small-intestinal lumen in the human subject.
Secretin and pancreozymin
produced by I-cells in the lining of the duodenum and is also released by some neurons in the brain. It acts on two types of receptors found throughout the gut and central nervous system. The most recognised functions of this hormone are in digestion and appetite.
Cholecystokinin
Trypsinogen + enterokinase =
trypsin, protease
breaks down carbohydrates
Pancreatic amylase
breaks down fats
Pancreatic lipase
a hormone for sugar metabolism
Insulin
concerned with the intake, chewing and swallowing of food and the mixing of it with saliva
Mouth
passage that receives food from the mouth, and passes it on into the esophagus by the act of swallowing
Pharynx
passage way to convey food through the chest from the pharynx to the stomach
Esophagus
reservoir for food, and a mixing bowl and churns food to produce a semiliquid mixture called ____
Stomach,
chyme
digestion and absorption
Small intestine
water absorption
Large intestine
it forms and secretes bile
Liver
Liver functions
- converts glucose into glycogen and store it. It will be releases when needed
- manufacters blood proteins, fibrinogen, albumin, globulin, as well as prothrombin and heparin
- excessive amino acids are broken up by liver cells into carbohydrates and urea
- breaks down worn out red blood cells, producing bile pigments
- stores some vitamins, including vitamin B12
- it renders inactive toxic products of bacterial action formed in the large intestine
- forms reticuloendothelial cells – phagocytes
stores bile, concentrates bile, and expels it as required by digestion
Gall bladder
emulsifies fat
Bile
promotes absorption of vitamin K from the intestine
Bile
an opening in the roof of the mouth, so that fluids or food pass into the nasal cavities from the mouth
Cleft Palate
the esophagus is closed at some point, and may communicate with the trachea
Atresia of esophagus
a narrowing of the pyloric part of the stomach causing some obstruction to the passage of food into the duodenum
Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
protrusion of an organ either through a weak part of the wall, or where a wall has not formed
Hernia or rupture
protrusion through the esophageal opening (hiatus) of the diaphragm
Hiatal Hernia
protrusion at the umbilicus or navel
Umbilical Hernia
protrusion in the groin
Inguinal Hernia
absence of an opening at the anus
Imperforate anus
the right colic flexure lies between the liver and diaphragm
Interposition
organs lie in the opposite side of the body to their normal position
Transposition (situs inversus)
a diverticulum of ileum close to the ileocecal junction
Meckel’s diverticulum
stones that may form in any part of the biliary system
Calculi
calculi in the GB
Cholelithiasis
an inflammation
-itis
pouchlike protrusions of the wall of an organ
Diverticula
a pushing outwards of the small saclike part
Pulsion diverticulum
is an inflammation of the appendix
Appendicitis
is a redness and swelling (inflammation) of the gallbladder
Cholecystitis
inflammation of the inner lining of the colon
Colitis
inflammation in your duodenum lining
Duodenitis
inflammation of pouches that can form in your intestines
Diverticulitis
inflammation of the small intestine
Enteritis
inflammation that may damage tissues of the esophagus
Esophagitis
swelling and irritation (inflammation) of the chest area between the lungs
Mediastinitis
inflammation of the pancreas
Pancreatitis
Inflammation of the tissues surrounding an intestinal diverticulum
Peridiverticulitis
a redness and swelling (inflammation) of the lining of your belly or abdomen
Peritonitis
A condition in which the gastrointestinal tract is inflamed over a long period of time
Regional enteritis
a condition in which an abscess is formed around the appendix as a result of appendiceal perforation or extension of inflammation to the adjacent tissues due to aggravation of appendicitis
Appendiceal abscess
inflammation of the liver
Hepatitis
one caused by pulling of the wall from outside, by scar tissue about lymph nodes, etc
Traction diverticulum
a narrow slit or crack such as may occur about the anus
fissure
an opening between 2 organs where no opening normally exists
Fistula
a telescoping of one part of the intestine into the part beyond it
Intussusception
a thrombus in one of the mesenteric arteries or their branches
Mesenteric thrombosis
a twisting of a loop of intestine upon itself
Volvulus
a deposition of bile in body tissue
Jaundice
removal of the GB
Cholecystectomy
a cutting into the GB
Cholecystotomy
making an opening between the GB and duodenum, and sewing the cut edges together
Cholecystoduodenostomy
an opening between the small and large intestines in order to bypass some obstruction
Enterocolostomy
removal of stomach
Gastrectomy
an opening made between the stomach and small intestine, usually into the upper jejunum to allow food to bypass the duodenum
Gastroenterostomy
an opening made into some part of the large intestine to bypass some obstruction
Colostomy
removal of the colon
Colectomy
an x-ray procedure used to help evaluate the gallbladder.
Cholecystography
looking at the structure of the bile ducts and gallbladder
Cholangiography
