9.2 The Digestive System Flashcards by Dana Athena Augusto

is a hollow tube that extends from the tail through the body and head to join the common bile duct

Pancreatic duct (Duct of Wirsung)

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a mixture of digestive enzymes, is secreted by the pancreatic lobules and passes through the pancreatic duct

Pancreatic Juice

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the pancreas is a dual or mixed gland consisting of an exocrine and an endocrine part

Mixed Gland

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are nests of cells scattered throughout the pancreas and form the endocrine part

Island (Islets of Langerhans)

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a hormone that is absorbed directly into blood capillaries

Insulin

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the largest solid organ in the body, and may weight three pounds

Liver

(G) Hepar

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is a slit on the inferior surface of the right lobe by which the portal vein, hepatic artery, lymphatics, and nerves enter the liver substance

Portal Hepatic (Gate of Liver) or transverse fissure

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draining the stomach, intestine, pancreas and spleen enters the liver. It breaks up into smaller branches and these end in sinusoids or minute blood spaces within the liver

Portal vein

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a branch of the celiac trunk, also enters the liver beside the postal vein

Hepatic artery

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beginning as minute central veins in each liver lobule, collect blood from the sinusoids and hepatic capillaries, and empty into the inferior vena cava behind the liver

Three hepatic veins

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Composed of incomplete lobes, a large right, a smaller left, and a small quadrate and caudate lobes

Liver

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minute bile ducts

Canaliculi

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hollow pear shaped organ that lies against a depression on the inferior surface of the liver, in the upper right anterior abdomen. It may be from 5 to 10.8 cm or 2 to 4.5 inches in length

Gallbladder

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collects bile from the lobes of the liver and convey it to the common hepatic duct outside of the liver

Right and Left hepatic ducts

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formed by the union of the right and left hepatic duct

Common hepatic duct

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is a hollow tube that passes from the gall bladder to join the common hepatic duct

Cystic duct

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is formed in upper right posterior abdomen by the union of the common hepatic and cystic duct

Common bile duct – choledochus or bile duct

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ampulla Vater

Hepatopancreatic ampulla

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sphincter of Oddi

Hepatopancreatic Sphincter

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(Arteries) to esophagus and stomach

Celiac Trunk

o Left gastric

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(Arteries) to pancreas and spleen

Celiac Trunk

o Splenic

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(Arteries) to liver, GB, pancreas and duodenum

Celiac Trunk

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(Arteries) small intestine and proximal half of large intestine

Superior mesenteric artery

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(Arteries) to distal half of large intestine

Inferior mesenteric artery

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(Veins) from the distal half of large intestine, joins the splenic vein

Inferior mesenteric vein

(Veins) from proximal half of large intestine and small intestine

Superior mesenteric vein

(Veins) from the spleen, pancreas and stomach, also joined by inferior mesenteric vein

Splenic vein

(Veins) formed by the union of the superior mesenteric vein and splenic veins enters the liver and divides into many capillaries (sinusoids). These unite to form the hepatic veins which empties into the inferior vena cava

Portal vein

(Veins) from GB, coronary and pyloric veins

Cystic vein

hormone secreted by pyloric glands, absorbed by blood, carried to the glands of the body and fundus of the stomach, to stimulate the secretion of gastric juice by these glands

Gastrin

hormones secreted by the mucosa of the small intestine, carried by blood to the pancreas and liver

Secretin and pancreozymin

hormone secreted by the mucosa of the small intestine and carried by blood to the gall bladder and bile ducts

Cholecystokinin

enzyme for starch

Salivary amylase or ptyalin

Pepsinogen + hydrochloric acid =

pepsin

enzyme for milk

Renin

hormone in stomach

Gastrin

Vit. B12 absorption

Intrinsic factor

a protease enzyme – breaks down proteins

Erepsin

enzymes for sugars

Sucrase, maltase, lactase

to combine with trypsinogen

Enterokinase

release brush-border alkaline phosphatase into the small-intestinal lumen in the human subject.

Secretin and pancreozymin

produced by I-cells in the lining of the duodenum and is also released by some neurons in the brain. It acts on two types of receptors found throughout the gut and central nervous system. The most recognised functions of this hormone are in digestion and appetite.

Cholecystokinin

Trypsinogen + enterokinase =

trypsin, protease

breaks down carbohydrates

Pancreatic amylase

breaks down fats

Pancreatic lipase

a hormone for sugar metabolism

Insulin

concerned with the intake, chewing and swallowing of food and the mixing of it with saliva

Mouth

passage that receives food from the mouth, and passes it on into the esophagus by the act of swallowing

Pharynx

passage way to convey food through the chest from the pharynx to the stomach

Esophagus

reservoir for food, and a mixing bowl and churns food to produce a semiliquid mixture called ____

Stomach, | chyme

digestion and absorption

Small intestine

water absorption

Large intestine

it forms and secretes bile

Liver

Liver functions

* converts glucose into glycogen and store it. It will be releases when needed * manufacters blood proteins, fibrinogen, albumin, globulin, as well as prothrombin and heparin * excessive amino acids are broken up by liver cells into carbohydrates and urea * breaks down worn out red blood cells, producing bile pigments * stores some vitamins, including vitamin B12 * it renders inactive toxic products of bacterial action formed in the large intestine * forms reticuloendothelial cells – phagocytes

stores bile, concentrates bile, and expels it as required by digestion

Gall bladder

emulsifies fat

Bile

promotes absorption of vitamin K from the intestine

Bile

an opening in the roof of the mouth, so that fluids or food pass into the nasal cavities from the mouth

Cleft Palate

the esophagus is closed at some point, and may communicate with the trachea

Atresia of esophagus

a narrowing of the pyloric part of the stomach causing some obstruction to the passage of food into the duodenum

Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

protrusion of an organ either through a weak part of the wall, or where a wall has not formed

Hernia or rupture

protrusion through the esophageal opening (hiatus) of the diaphragm

Hiatal Hernia

protrusion at the umbilicus or navel

Umbilical Hernia

protrusion in the groin

Inguinal Hernia

absence of an opening at the anus

Imperforate anus

the right colic flexure lies between the liver and diaphragm

Interposition

organs lie in the opposite side of the body to their normal position

Transposition (situs inversus)

a diverticulum of ileum close to the ileocecal junction

Meckel’s diverticulum

stones that may form in any part of the biliary system

Calculi

calculi in the GB

Cholelithiasis

an inflammation

-itis

pouchlike protrusions of the wall of an organ

Diverticula

a pushing outwards of the small saclike part

Pulsion diverticulum

is an inflammation of the appendix

Appendicitis

is a redness and swelling (inflammation) of the gallbladder

Cholecystitis

inflammation of the inner lining of the colon

Colitis

inflammation in your duodenum lining

Duodenitis

inflammation of pouches that can form in your intestines

Diverticulitis

inflammation of the small intestine

Enteritis

inflammation that may damage tissues of the esophagus

Esophagitis

swelling and irritation (inflammation) of the chest area between the lungs

Mediastinitis

inflammation of the pancreas

Pancreatitis

Inflammation of the tissues surrounding an intestinal diverticulum

Peridiverticulitis

a redness and swelling (inflammation) of the lining of your belly or abdomen

Peritonitis

A condition in which the gastrointestinal tract is inflamed over a long period of time

Regional enteritis

a condition in which an abscess is formed around the appendix as a result of appendiceal perforation or extension of inflammation to the adjacent tissues due to aggravation of appendicitis

Appendiceal abscess

inflammation of the liver

Hepatitis

one caused by pulling of the wall from outside, by scar tissue about lymph nodes, etc

Traction diverticulum

a narrow slit or crack such as may occur about the anus

fissure

an opening between 2 organs where no opening normally exists

Fistula

a telescoping of one part of the intestine into the part beyond it

Intussusception

a thrombus in one of the mesenteric arteries or their branches

Mesenteric thrombosis

a twisting of a loop of intestine upon itself

Volvulus

a deposition of bile in body tissue

Jaundice

removal of the GB

Cholecystectomy

a cutting into the GB

Cholecystotomy

making an opening between the GB and duodenum, and sewing the cut edges together

Cholecystoduodenostomy

an opening between the small and large intestines in order to bypass some obstruction

Enterocolostomy

removal of stomach

Gastrectomy

an opening made between the stomach and small intestine, usually into the upper jejunum to allow food to bypass the duodenum

Gastroenterostomy

an opening made into some part of the large intestine to bypass some obstruction

Colostomy

removal of the colon

Colectomy

an x-ray procedure used to help evaluate the gallbladder.

Cholecystography

looking at the structure of the bile ducts and gallbladder

Cholangiography