- Eponyms - Diphthongs - Hyphens - Alternated names have been retained in some instances

1.1 Anatomical Terminology Flashcards by Dana Athena Augusto

is the study of the structure and form of an organism; it deals with the structure and form of the various parts of the human body

Anatomy

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study of any part of the body as seen with the naked eye

Gross or Macroscopic Anatomy

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study of the structure of minute parts such as cells or tissue that are not visible as separate entities to the naked eye

Histology or Microscopic Anatomy

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study of the structural changes that take place in the fertilized ovum up to the time of birth

Embryology or Developmental Anatomy

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study of what part of the surface of the body corresponds to the various organs and structures within the body

Surface or Regional or Topographical Anatomy

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study of the similarities and differences in structure of the various body parts of the body, among different species of living things

Comparative Anatomy

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is the study of the function or behavior of the organs or other structures of the body

Physiology

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is the study of diseases, its causes and its effect upon the body

Pathology

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a list of the names of parts of the body compiled by the International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee

The Nomina Anatomica

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Proper names used as names for anatomical sturctures have been replaced by descriptives names

Eponyms

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Two vowels occurring together and pronounced as a single sound have been eliminated

Diphthongs

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between vowels occurring together in the middle of the words and in compound words have been discontinued

Hyphens

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The Nomina Anatomica was compile by

International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee

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The Nomina Anatomica

Eponyms
Diphthongs
Hyphens
Alternated names have been retained in some instances

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THE ORIGIN OF ANATOMICAL NAMES

Greek
Latin
AngloSaxon

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usually used to name pathological conditions

Greek

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Kephale, cephale

the head (G)

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Kondylos, condyle

knuckle (G)

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Karpos, carpus

wrist (G)

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Cardio

heart (G)

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Nephro

kidney (G)

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usually used to name anatomical structures

Latin

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Scapula

shoulder blade (L)

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Femur

thigh bone (L)

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Clavicula, clavicle

collar bone (L)

Cor

heart (L)

Renal

kidney (L)

Old English

AngloSaxon

Sceaft

shaft (AS)

Heorte

heart (AS)

Hype

hip (AS)

Lungen

lung (AS)

the subject stand upright, with the limbs extended, face to the front, palms of the hands facing the front, and the feet together

Anatomical Position

a line drawn vertically through the center of the forehead, nose, chin, chest, abdomen, and between the legs

Median Line of the Body

caput (L), the extended end of a part of the body

Head

Latin word of head

caput

the constricted part of a structure adjacent to the head of it

Neck

Latin word of neck

cervix or collum

the principal part of a structure or the shaft of a long bone

Body

Latin word of body

corpus

the principal part of body of a long bone, a rod like part

Shaft

AngloSaxon word of shaft

sceaft

the tapered end of a structure

tail

Latin word of tail

cauda

a subdivision of an organ or structure

Lobe

Latin word of lobe

lobules

a subdivision of a lobe

Lobule

Latin word of lobule

lobulus

a unit of structure, separated from other segments, with its own blood supply

Segment

Latin word of segment

segmentum

the end of a long structure

Extremity

Latin word of extremity

extremitas

the pointed end of a structure

Apex

a hole or opening

Aperture, | Foramen

an opening or gap

Hiatus

an opening

Orifice, | Ostium

an opening or mouth

a window or opening; usually refers to the cavity of a hollow organ

Lumen

an opening, pore, foramen

Porus

a narrow slit, cleft or groove

Fissure

a depression or hollow below the normal surface of a structure, a trench, ditch

Fossa (L)

an indentation or depression on the surface of an organ, where vessels enter or leave the organ

Hilum

a groove or furrow, broader than a fissure sometimes has a tendon or artery, etc., running along it

Sulcus (L)

a cavity within an organ, bone, etc

Sinus

a channel for blood, etc.

Sinus

a canal or passage from one organ to another, or to the outside by which pus etc., escapes

Sinus

a notch or cleft

Incisura (L)

a canal or tube like passage

Meatus (L)

a branch or a division of a vessel, nerve or bone

Ramus (L)

a partition separating two cavities

Septum (L)

that part of any structure or organ that lies nearest to the median line of the body

Medial or Mesial

has a different meaning, and refers to a structure lying between two other structures

Middle

that part of an organ or structure that lies farthest away from the median line of the body

Lateral

towards the front or in the front part of the body, an organ or other structure

Anterior/Ventral

towards the back, or in the back part of the body or part of it

Posterior/Dorsal

back of the hand, or back part of the foot

Dorsal

either palm of the hand, or sole of the foot

Volar/Plantar/Palmar

referring to hand = the back of the hand

Dorsal

referring to foot = its upper surface

Dorsal

refers to the upper part, or that part towards the head end

Superior

refers to the lower part, or that part away from the head

Inferior

refers to the head or head end of the body or an organ

Cephalic (G)

refers to the tail or tail end of the body or an organ

Caudal

towards the head

Cephalad

towards the tail

Caudad

that part of structure closest to its source or origin, its attached end

Proximal

terminal; that part farthest away from the source or origin or point of attachment

Distal

the positon assumed when lying upon the back with the face up

Supine

lying face down

Prone

perpendicular or at right angles to the horizon, assuming that the subject is standing up

Vertical

parallel to the horizon, subject upright

Horizontal

the inner part, farthest from the surface

Central

on or near the surface, outer part

Peripheral

on or near the surface

Superficial

far from the surface

Deep (L)

the larger or greater of the two

Major

the smaller or lesser of the two

Minor

on the inside of the body or a part of

Internal

on the outside, the outer

External

part of an organ itself

Intrinsic

originating outside an organ

Extrinsic

refers to some organ

Visceral

refers to a wall, relating to a wall of structure

Parietal (G)

flat; a real imaginary flat surface

Plane

Latin word for plane

planus

is a flat surface made by cutting lengthwise or along the long axis of the body or a part of it. The cut could be from side to side or from front back, and with the subject standing upright or lying down, or in any other position

Longitudinal Plane

is a flat surface made by cutting through the body or part of it crossways, or at right angles to the long axis

Transverse Plane

is a longitudinal plane made with the subject upright

Vertical Plane

is a transverse plane made with the subject upright

Horizontal Plane

longitudinal plane made by cutting from front to back along the median line of the body, and along the sagittal suture of the skull

Midsagittal or Median Plane

longitudinal plane made by cutting from front to back to one or the other side of the sagittal suture, and parallel to MSP

Sagittal Plane

longitudinal plane made by cutting lengthwise and from side to side

Coronal Plane or Frontal Plane

transverse plane made by cutting across the upper abdomen at right angles to the long axis of the body, and opposite the 10th costal cartilages, the lowest limit of the thoracic cage

Subcostal Plane

transverse plane made by cutting across the body from one side to the other at the level of the 9th costal cartilages or half way between the upper end of the sternum and the symphysis

Transpyloric Plane

is a slice made by making two parallel cut close to a plane

Section

ante

before

post

after

endo

inside

ecto

outside

hypo

below

hyper

above

inside

outside of

intra

within

extra

outside

macro

large

micro

small

super

above

sub

under

supra

above

infra

below