1.1 Anatomical Terminology Flashcards
is the study of the structure and form of an organism; it deals with the structure and form of the various parts of the human body
Anatomy
study of any part of the body as seen with the naked eye
Gross or Macroscopic Anatomy
study of the structure of minute parts such as cells or tissue that are not visible as separate entities to the naked eye
Histology or Microscopic Anatomy
study of the structural changes that take place in the fertilized ovum up to the time of birth
Embryology or Developmental Anatomy
study of what part of the surface of the body corresponds to the various organs and structures within the body
Surface or Regional or Topographical Anatomy
study of the similarities and differences in structure of the various body parts of the body, among different species of living things
Comparative Anatomy
is the study of the function or behavior of the organs or other structures of the body
Physiology
is the study of diseases, its causes and its effect upon the body
Pathology
a list of the names of parts of the body compiled by the International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee
The Nomina Anatomica
Proper names used as names for anatomical sturctures have been replaced by descriptives names
Eponyms
Two vowels occurring together and pronounced as a single sound have been eliminated
Diphthongs
between vowels occurring together in the middle of the words and in compound words have been discontinued
Hyphens
The Nomina Anatomica was compile by
International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee
The Nomina Anatomica
- Eponyms
- Diphthongs
- Hyphens
- Alternated names have been retained in some instances
THE ORIGIN OF ANATOMICAL NAMES
- Greek
- Latin
- AngloSaxon
usually used to name pathological conditions
Greek
Kephale, cephale
the head (G)
Kondylos, condyle
knuckle (G)
Karpos, carpus
wrist (G)
Cardio
heart (G)
Nephro
kidney (G)
usually used to name anatomical structures
Latin
Scapula
shoulder blade (L)
Femur
thigh bone (L)
Clavicula, clavicle
collar bone (L)
Cor
heart (L)
Renal
kidney (L)
Old English
AngloSaxon
Sceaft
shaft (AS)
Heorte
heart (AS)
Hype
hip (AS)
Lungen
lung (AS)
the subject stand upright, with the limbs extended, face to the front, palms of the hands facing the front, and the feet together
Anatomical Position
a line drawn vertically through the center of the forehead, nose, chin, chest, abdomen, and between the legs
Median Line of the Body
caput (L), the extended end of a part of the body
Head
Latin word of head
caput
the constricted part of a structure adjacent to the head of it
Neck
Latin word of neck
cervix or collum
the principal part of a structure or the shaft of a long bone
Body
Latin word of body
corpus
the principal part of body of a long bone, a rod like part
Shaft
AngloSaxon word of shaft
sceaft
the tapered end of a structure
tail
Latin word of tail
cauda
a subdivision of an organ or structure
Lobe
Latin word of lobe
lobules
a subdivision of a lobe
Lobule
Latin word of lobule
lobulus
a unit of structure, separated from other segments, with its own blood supply
Segment
Latin word of segment
segmentum
the end of a long structure
Extremity
Latin word of extremity
extremitas
the pointed end of a structure
Apex
a hole or opening
Aperture,
Foramen
an opening or gap
Hiatus
an opening
Orifice,
Ostium
an opening or mouth
Os
a window or opening; usually refers to the cavity of a hollow organ
Lumen
an opening, pore, foramen
Porus
a narrow slit, cleft or groove
Fissure
a depression or hollow below the normal surface of a structure, a trench, ditch
Fossa (L)
an indentation or depression on the surface of an organ, where vessels enter or leave the organ
Hilum
a groove or furrow, broader than a fissure sometimes has a tendon or artery, etc., running along it
Sulcus (L)
a cavity within an organ, bone, etc
Sinus
a channel for blood, etc.
Sinus
a canal or passage from one organ to another, or to the outside by which pus etc., escapes
Sinus
a notch or cleft
Incisura (L)
a canal or tube like passage
Meatus (L)
a branch or a division of a vessel, nerve or bone
Ramus (L)
a partition separating two cavities
Septum (L)
that part of any structure or organ that lies nearest to the median line of the body
Medial or Mesial
has a different meaning, and refers to a structure lying between two other structures
Middle
that part of an organ or structure that lies farthest away from the median line of the body
Lateral
towards the front or in the front part of the body, an organ or other structure
Anterior/Ventral
towards the back, or in the back part of the body or part of it
Posterior/Dorsal
back of the hand, or back part of the foot
Dorsal
either palm of the hand, or sole of the foot
Volar/Plantar/Palmar
referring to hand = the back of the hand
Dorsal
referring to foot = its upper surface
Dorsal
refers to the upper part, or that part towards the head end
Superior
refers to the lower part, or that part away from the head
Inferior
refers to the head or head end of the body or an organ
Cephalic (G)
refers to the tail or tail end of the body or an organ
Caudal
towards the head
Cephalad
towards the tail
Caudad
that part of structure closest to its source or origin, its attached end
Proximal
terminal; that part farthest away from the source or origin or point of attachment
Distal
the positon assumed when lying upon the back with the face up
Supine
lying face down
Prone
perpendicular or at right angles to the horizon, assuming that the subject is standing up
Vertical
parallel to the horizon, subject upright
Horizontal
the inner part, farthest from the surface
Central
on or near the surface, outer part
Peripheral
on or near the surface
Superficial
far from the surface
Deep (L)
the larger or greater of the two
Major
the smaller or lesser of the two
Minor
on the inside of the body or a part of
Internal
on the outside, the outer
External
part of an organ itself
Intrinsic
originating outside an organ
Extrinsic
refers to some organ
Visceral
refers to a wall, relating to a wall of structure
Parietal (G)
flat; a real imaginary flat surface
Plane
Latin word for plane
planus
is a flat surface made by cutting lengthwise or along the long axis of the body or a part of it. The cut could be from side to side or from front back, and with the subject standing upright or lying down, or in any other position
Longitudinal Plane
is a flat surface made by cutting through the body or part of it crossways, or at right angles to the long axis
Transverse Plane
is a longitudinal plane made with the subject upright
Vertical Plane
is a transverse plane made with the subject upright
Horizontal Plane
longitudinal plane made by cutting from front to back along the median line of the body, and along the sagittal suture of the skull
Midsagittal or Median Plane
longitudinal plane made by cutting from front to back to one or the other side of the sagittal suture, and parallel to MSP
Sagittal Plane
longitudinal plane made by cutting lengthwise and from side to side
Coronal Plane or Frontal Plane
transverse plane made by cutting across the upper abdomen at right angles to the long axis of the body, and opposite the 10th costal cartilages, the lowest limit of the thoracic cage
Subcostal Plane
transverse plane made by cutting across the body from one side to the other at the level of the 9th costal cartilages or half way between the upper end of the sternum and the symphysis
Transpyloric Plane
is a slice made by making two parallel cut close to a plane
Section
ante
before
post
after
endo
inside
ecto
outside
hypo
below
hyper
above
in
inside
ex
outside of
intra
within
extra
outside
macro
large
micro
small
super
above
sub
under
supra
above
infra
below
