4.1 The Vertebral Column Flashcards by Dana Athena Augusto

no. of bones Cervical vertebrae

7 bones

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no. of bones Thoracic vertebrae

12 bones

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no. of bones Lumbar vertebrae

5 bones

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no. of bones Sacrum

5 fused bones

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no. of bones Coccyx

3, 4, or 5 incomplete bones

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between adjacent vertebrae

Intervertebral joints or discs

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between articular processes

Interarticular joints

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between occipital bone and atlas

Atlantooccipital joints

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5th lumbar vertebra and sacrum

Lumbosacral joints

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sacrum and coccyx

Sacrococcygeal joint

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between a rib and a vertebra

Costovertebral joints

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tubercle of a rib and a transverse process of vertebra

Costotransverse – joints

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between articular processes of the vertebrae

Zygapophyseal joints

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PARTS AND PROMINENCES OF THE VERTEBRAE

True or movable vertebrae

False or fixed vertebrae

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Cervical curvature

Lordotic Type

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Thoracic curvature

Kyphotic Type

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Lumbar curvature

Lordotic Type

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Pelvic curvature

Kyphotic Type

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is the solid anterior part shaped like a cylinder, with the posterior surface flattened

Body of the vertebra

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curved posterior part enclosing an opening

Arch of the vertebra

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two short rounded processes that extend posteriorly, one from each lateral margin of the dorsal surface of a vertebral body

Pedicle

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two flattened plates of bone, one passing towards the midline from each pedicle

Laminae

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an opening formed by the vertebral arch with its pedicles and laminae, and the posterior surface of the vertebral body

Vertebral foramen

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is a tubular passage extending from the foramen magnum of the skull to the lower sacrum

Vertebral canal

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is formed by either the upper or lower curved surface of a pedicle

Vertebral notch

is an opening on each side of the arch

Intervertebral foramen

extend laterally from the junction of a pedicle with a lamina on each side

Transverse processes

extend up towards the head from the junction of each pedicle and lamina

Superior articular processes

projects caudally from the junction of each pedicle and lamina

Inferior articular process

extends posteriorly from the dorsal margin of each vertebral arch

Spinous process

* Forked spinous processes | * Foramina transversaria (2)

Cervical

first cervical vertebrae

Atlas

* No body * No spinous process * 2 lateral masses * 2 arches – anterior and posterior

Atlas

second cervical vertebra

Axis

a dens or odontoid

Axis

other name for dens

odontoid

7th cervical vertebra

Vertebra prominens

large long spinous process

Vertebra prominens

Costal pits or facet (fovea costalis)

Thoracic

* Large size * No pits * No foramina transversaria

Lumbar

* Five fused bodies * Lateral parts fused * 2 alae, a base, an apex * Promontory * Superior articular processes (2) * Sacral canal, hiatus, and two cornura * Sacral foramina – 8 anterior, 8 posterior

Sacrum

* 4 or 3 or 5 incomplete | * 2 cornua

Coccyx

flat articular surfaces of bodies of the adjacent vertebrae from the second cervical vertebra to and including the lumbosacral joints between the 5th lumbar body and the sacum

Intervertebral joints (Cartilaginous joints)

Formed by: - Articular surfaces of adjacent vertebrae covered by compact bone - Thin articular cartilages covering the articular surface of each vertebra, compose of hyaline cartilage

Intervertebral joints

flat circular plate lying between the articular cartilages covering each bone, and consisting of: Anulus fibrosus and Nucleus pulposus

Intervertebral disc

an outer pad of fibrous tissue and fibrocartilage

Anulus fibrosus

the pulpy center of a disc in the center of an annulus fibrosus and surrounded by it

Nucleus pulposus

An anterior longitudinal ligament of fibrous tissue extending lengthwise along the anterior surfaces of vertebrae

Ligamenta

A posterior longitudinal ligament passes lengthwise between adjacent vertebrae along their posterior surfaces

Ligamenta

pass lengthwise between the laminae of adjacent vertebrae

Ligamenta flava

connect adjacent spinous processes

Interspinal ligaments

connects the tips of the spinous processes

Supraspinatus ligament

Articular processes of the adjacent vertebrae on each side

Interarticular joints (zygapophyseal joints) – gliding joints

Occipital condyle of the occipital bone

Atlantooccipital joints – condylar joints

Superior articular surface on the lateral mass on the lateral mass of the atlas on the same side

Atlantooccipital joints – condylar joints

Dens of the axis and a ring formed by the anterior arch of atlas

Median atlantoaxial joint – pivot joint

Inferior articular surface of the lateral mass of the atlas, and the superior articular process of the axis on each side

Lateral atlantoaxial joints – gliding joints

Between the lateral margins of the articular surfaces of lower cervical vertebrae, on each side

Accessory Cervical joints – several

Inferior articular surface of the 5th lumbar vertebra and the superior articular surface of the sacrum

Lumbosacral joint – cartilaginous joint

Inferior articular processes of upper end of sacrum

Interarticular joints – gliding joints

Distal end of sacrum forming a joint with the first segment of the coccyx

Sacrococcygeal joint – cartilaginous joint

Present between the segments of the coccyx

Intercoccygeal joints

The discs disappear in later life and the segments unite

Intercoccygeal joints

2 or more vertebrae may be united with no joint between them

Fusion of vertebrae

right or left of the vertebra may be absent, or one half of the vertebra may fuse with the vertebra above or below it, leaving the other half as a separate bone

Hemivertebra

the right and left lamina may fail to unite with each other at the medial line posteriorly

Spina bifida

may present between the superior and inferior articular processes of vertebrae at the isthmus were these join

Articular defects

the lower part of the sacrum may fail to develop

Absence of sacrum

the 5th lumbar vertebra may be partly or completely fused with the upper sacrum

Sacralization

Mastoid tip

Gonion (angle of mandible)

C2, C3

Thyroid cartilage

Vertebra prominens

Approximately 5 cm (2 in) above level of sternal notch

Level of manubrial (sternal) notch and superior margin of scapulae

T2, T3

Level of sternal angle

T4, T5

Level of inferior angle of scapulae

Level of xiphoid tip

T10

Costal margin

Level of umbilicus

L3, L4

Level of most superior aspect of iliac crest

Level of anterior superior iliac spine

Level of pubic symphysis and greater trochanters

Coccyx