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RT 211 > 7. The Circulatory System > Flashcards

7. The Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

The circulatory system or cardiovascular system is the transportation system of the body. There are actually two parts:

A
  • The pulmonary

- The systemic

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2
Q

that conveys blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart

A

The pulmonary

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3
Q

that carries blood from the heart to all body tissues and cells (except some parts of the lungs) and back to heart

A

The systemic

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4
Q

is a muscular pump that propels blood either to the lungs or to other body tissues

A

Heart

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5
Q

are distributing vessels that carry blood away from the heart

A

Arteries

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6
Q

are distributing vessels that carry blood away from the heart to all body tissues

A

Aorta

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7
Q

are distributing vessels that carry blood away from the heart to to the lungs

A

Pulmonary trunk

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8
Q

are the small final branches of the smallest arteries, and are present in tissues that are supplied with the blood

A

Arterioles

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9
Q

are very minute microscopic hairlike vessels that form networks between the small arterioles and the venules

A

Capillaries

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10
Q

Functions: exchange of blood and tissue constituents place through the capillary walls

A

Capillaries

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11
Q

are the smallest veins and correspond to the arterioles

A

Venules

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12
Q

are collecting vessels that bring back to the heart

A

Veins

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13
Q

drains upper half of body

A

Superior vena cava

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14
Q

drains lower half of body

A

Inferior vena cava

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15
Q

drains the lungs, all emptying into the heart

A

Four pulmonary veins (2 from each lung)

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16
Q

is a colorless fluid that collects in lymphatic vessels

A

Lymph

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17
Q

minute vessels which begin as very small vessels

A

Lymph capillaries

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18
Q

are formed by union of capillaries that unite to form larger and larger vessels

A

Lymph vessels

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19
Q

are connected with the larger lymph vessels

A

Lymph nodes

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20
Q

Trunk Lymph vessels are:

A
  • Thoracic Duct

- Right Lymph Duct

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21
Q

draining whole body except the upper right

A

Thoracic Duct

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22
Q

draining the right upper limb, right thorax, and right side of head and neck

A

Right Lymph Duct

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23
Q

form a second collecting system

A

lymphatics

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24
Q

Reticuloendothelial structures

A

bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, liver and thymus gland

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25
Q

Internal coat or layer

A

tunica intima

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26
Q

Layer of flat cobblestone like cells that form a lining membrane, with connective tissue and elastic tissue

A

tunica intima

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27
Q

Middle coat

A

tunica media

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28
Q

A layer of visceral muscle, the fibers encircling the vessel, with considerable elastic tissue as well

A

tunica media

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29
Q

Outer layer

A

tunica adventitia

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30
Q

A layer of connective tissue outside the middle coat

A

tunica adventitia

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31
Q

bluntly pointed end that is directed to the left anteriorly

A

Apex

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32
Q

the broad end that is directed to the right, posteriorly and cranially to the right of the right sternal border

A

Base

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33
Q

lies posterior to the sternum

A

Sternocostal surface

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34
Q

rest upon the diaphragm

A

Diaphragmatic surface

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35
Q

The heart has __ coverings forming its wall, a septum, __ chambers or cavities, __ openings and __ sets of functioning valves

A

3 coverings,
4 chambers,
11 openings,
4 valves

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36
Q

this layer forms the lining membrane of the heart

A

Endocardium

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37
Q

muscular layer of the heart and consists of a special type of muscle found only in the heart, cardiac muscle

A

Myocardium

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38
Q

thin covering and is applied to the outer surface of the muscular layer

A

Visceral Pericardium or epicardium

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39
Q

Serous pericardium layers

A
  • Visceral layer

- Parietal layer

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40
Q

outer covering of the heart

A

Visceral layer

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41
Q

forms the lining of a sac that encloses the heart

A

Parietal layer

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42
Q

A thick layer of fibrous connective tissue

A

Fibrous pericardium

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43
Q

Surrounds the parietal pericardium to form the outer layer of the pericardial sac

A

Fibrous pericardium

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44
Q

is a bag with the heart within it, consisting of the parietal serous pericardium and the fibrous pericardium

A

Pericardial sac

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45
Q

is a potential space between the inner surface of the pericardial sac and the visceral pericardium

A

Pericardial cavity

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46
Q

The Four Chambers of Cavities of the Heart

A
  • Left atrium
  • Right atrium
  • Left ventricle
  • Right ventricle
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47
Q

is that part of the partition between the right and left atria

A

Interatrial septum

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48
Q

is the partition between the right and left ventricles

A

Interventricular septum

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49
Q

is the opening between the left atrium and left ventricle

A

left atrioventricular opening (ostium)

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50
Q

is the opening between the right atrium and right ventricle

A

right atrioventricular opening (ostium)

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51
Q

are two ear shaped pouches, one forming part of each atrium

A

auricles

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52
Q

prominent anterior part of the right ventricle where it opens into the pulmonary trunk

A

Conus arteriosus

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53
Q

is a groove on the surface of the heart marking the junction of the atria and the ventricles

A

Coronary sulcus

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54
Q

It completely encircles the heart

A

Coronary sulcus

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55
Q

anterior and posterior are the grooves where the ventricles meet each other anteriorly and posteriorly

A

Interventricular sulci

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56
Q

There are eleven openings into or within the heart

A

(2) atrioventricular opening (left and right)
(1) pulmonary opening
(1) aortic opening
(1) opening of the inferior vena cava
(1) opening of the superior vena cava
(4) two right and two left pulmonary veins
(1) opening of the coronary sulcus

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57
Q

The Valves of the Heart

A
  • Left atrioventricular valve or mitral or bicuspid valve
  • Right atrioventricular valve or tricuspid valve
  • Aortic valve
  • Pulmonary valve
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58
Q

Blood Supply to the Heart

A

The right and left coronary arteries, the first branches of the aorta, supply blood to the heart. These vessels run along the coronary sulcus and the interventricular grooves on the surface of the heart giving off branches “en route”

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59
Q

drain blood from the cardia capillaries

A

Cardiac veins

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60
Q

is a large vein that lies in the posterior part of the coronary sulcus. It empties into the right atrium. It collects blood from most of the cardiac veins

A

Coronary sinus

61
Q

A special conducting apparatus consisting of a node in the wall of the right atrium initiates the impulses for contraction of the heart

A

Sinoatrial node (SA node)

62
Q

when stimulated increase the heart rate

A

Sympathetic nerve fibers

63
Q

stimulation of them slows the heart rate

A

Two vagi nerves (10th cranial)

64
Q

is the contracting phase of the heart

65
Q

is the dilation phase of the heart

66
Q

The Pulmonary Vessels and Circulation

A

Right ventricle – pulmonary trunk – right and left pulmonary arteries – lung capillaries – two right and two left pulmonary veins – left atrium

67
Q

The Systemic Vessels and Circulation

A

Left ventricle – aorta – branches – capillaries – tributaries of – superior and inferior vena cava – right atrium

68
Q

trunk artery of the systemic of general circuit

69
Q

Superficial veins

A
  • Cephalic veins
  • Basilic veins
  • Median antebrachial veins
70
Q

Deep veins

A
  • 2 ulnar veins + 2 radial veins = brachial veins
  • Axillary veins
  • Subclavian veins
71
Q

Size of Veins

A

Popliteal vein > femoral vein > external iliac vein joins internal iliac vein > common iliac vein

72
Q

are minute microscopic thin walled vessels similar to blood capillaries except that they do not originate from arterioles

A

Lymph Capillaries

73
Q

are tubes formed by the union of lymph capillaries

A

Lymph Vessels

74
Q

is a large lymph trunk that begins in the abdomen by the union of lumbar and intestinal lymphatic vessels. Empties into the left brachiocephalic vein

A

Thoracic duct

75
Q

dilated lower end of the thoracic duct in the upper posterior abdomen

A

Cisterna chyli

76
Q

is formed by the union of the right internal jugular, subclavian, and thoracic vessels

A

Right Lymph Duct (right thoracic duct)

77
Q

It empties into the right brachiocephalic or right subclavian vein

A

Right Lymph Duct (right thoracic duct)

78
Q

It drains the upper right of the body

A

Right Lymph Duct (right thoracic duct)

79
Q

are small oval bodies ranging in size from a pin head to a bean

A

Lymph Nodes

80
Q

Location of larger group of lymph nodes

A
  • Cervical nodes
  • Axillary nodes
  • Tracheobronchial nodes
  • Aortic nodes
  • Internal iliac nodes
  • External iliac nodes
81
Q

Lymphatic Structures - Other Organs

A

Tonsils, adenoids, intestinal follicles, spleen, thymus gland

82
Q

Functions of Lymphatic Vessels and Nodes

A
  • Convey intercellular fluid back into the general circulation
  • Acts as filter to prevent microorganisms and other foreign bodies from reaching the blood stream
  • Form new lymphocytes, monocytes and plasma cells
83
Q

Tonsils AKA

A

Palatine tonsils

84
Q

Adenoids AKA

A

Pharyngeal tonsils

85
Q

Intestinal lymph follicles

A
  • Solitary lymph follicles

- Aggregated lymph follicles or Peyer’s Patches

86
Q

Forms lymphocytes, monocytes and the plasma cells

87
Q

Destroys worn out red blood cells

88
Q

Believed to be reservoir of red blood cells

89
Q

Produces lymphocytes

A

Thymus gland

90
Q

is a flat circular spongy structure about 8 inches in diameter and one inch in thickness when fully developed

91
Q

passes from the fetal navel to the smooth fetal surface of the placenta and contains the umbilical cord vessels

A

Umbilical cord

92
Q

convey blood from the fetus to the placenta through the umbilical cord

A

Two umbilical arteries

93
Q

carries oxygenated blood with nutrients from the fetal capillaries in the placenta though the umbilical cord to the navel

A

Single umbilical vein

94
Q

short vein that passes from a branch of umbilical vein directly to the inferior vena cava, bypassing the liver

A

Ductus venosus

95
Q

is an opening in the interatrial septum between the right and left atria

A

Foramen ovale

96
Q

is a short vessel that connects the pulmonary trunk to the aorta beyond the origin of the left subclavian artery

A

Ductus arteriosus

97
Q

is due to alternating dilation and contraction of the cardiac ventricles forcing blood out into the aorta and its branches

98
Q

Locations for Palpation- anterolateral border of wrist

A

Radial artery

99
Q

Locations for Palpation- at anteromedial border of wrist

A

Ulnar artery

100
Q

Locations for Palpation- on medial surface of midarm

A

Brachial artery

101
Q

Locations for Palpation- in front of ear

A

Superficial temporal

102
Q

Locations for Palpation- in front of angle of mandible

A

Facial artery

103
Q

Locations for Palpation- through anterior abdominal wall

A

Abdominal aorta

104
Q

Locations for Palpation- in the groin below inguinal ligament

A

Femoral artery

105
Q

Locations for Palpation- posterior to knee

A

Popliteal artery

106
Q

Locations for Palpation- in front of and below ankle

A

Dorsalis pedis artery

107
Q

is the pressure of the blood against the containing vessel wall

A

Blood Pressure

108
Q

is the pressure exerted during the contracting phase of the ventricles of the heart

A

Systolic Blood pressure

109
Q

is the pressure exerted during dilation phase of the ventricles

A

Diastolic Blood pressure

110
Q

the opening between the 2 atria does not close after birth but persists

A

Patent foramen ovale

111
Q

an abnormal opening is present in the interventricular septum between the two ventricles

A

Interventricular septal defect

112
Q

the fetal vessel between the pulmonary trunk and aorta does not close after birth but remains open

A

Patent Ductus or patent ductus arteriosus

113
Q

the opening from the right ventricle into the pulmonary trunk is smaller than usual

A

Stenosis of pulmonary orifice

114
Q

a narrowing of the lumen of the aorta, usually in the upper descending part

A

Coarctation of the aorta

115
Q

the aortic arch is on the right side rather than on the left

A

Right aortic arch

116
Q

the heart may be on the right side with base directed to the left and apex close to the right nipple rather than the left. Sometimes the abdominal organs are also reversed

A

Transposition

117
Q

radiography of the chambers of the heart using an opaque medium to fill them

A

Cardiography

118
Q

is a radiography of an artery and its branches by injection of an opaque medium into it

A

Arteriography

119
Q

radiography of the aorta following the injection

A

Aortography

120
Q

is a radiography of a vein and its tributaries either by direct injection into one of its smaller tributaries, or by injection of corresponding artery, and radiographs when the veins have filled

A

Venography

121
Q

is radiography of lymphatic vessels, and ducts, following injection of an opaque medium into small lymph capillaries

A

Lymphangiography

122
Q

is a combined examination of the heart, trunk veins and/or trunk arteries

A

Angiocardiography

123
Q

is a high blood pressure

A

Hypertension

124
Q

blood pressure is below normal

A

Hypotension

125
Q

is a clot of blood that has formed on the inside of a blood vessel or within the heart

126
Q

is an inflammation of the lining membrane of vein

127
Q

is a foreign body obstructing a blood vessel

128
Q

is a condition produced in an organ as a result of blocking of an artery supplying it by an embolus or some other obstructing lesion

A

An infarct

129
Q

of a vessel is its closure due to spasm, embolus, filling in of its lumen due to degeneration of the vessel wall, thrombosis, etc.

130
Q

blocking of one of the coronary arteries to the heart, or a branch of it

A

Coronary occlusion

131
Q

is a bulging of the wall of a vessel or of one side of the wall due to a weakness from disease of the vessel

132
Q

refer to thickening of a vessel wall with degeneration of the normal coats, and replacement by fibrous tissue, fat, and calcium

A

Arteriosclerosis and atherosis

133
Q

are dilated veins due to weakening of the vessel walls

A

Varicose veins

134
Q

are dilated veins in the anal canal

A

Hemorrhoids

135
Q

may occur in the lower part of the esophagus

A

Esophageal varicosities

136
Q

enlargement of the heart from enlargement of the its muscle fibers because of an increased work load in pumping blood

A

Cardiac hypertrophy

137
Q

cardiac enlargement due to stretching of muscle fibers, fibers tired out, and chambers enlarged

A

Cardiac dilatation

138
Q

heart cannot pump blood through its circuits

A

Congestive heart failure (CHF)

139
Q

inflammation of the valves of the heart. They are covered by endocardium

A

Endocarditis

140
Q

inflammation of the cardiac muscle

A

Myocarditis

141
Q

inflammation of the pericardium, often with fluid in the pericardial sac – _____

A

Pericarditis,

pericardial effusion

142
Q

infarction area of dead cardiac muscle, resulting from cutting off of its blood supply, replaced by fibrous tissue in survivors

A

Cardiac infarct

143
Q

a thickening, deformity, shrinking, and fusion of cusps of cardiac valves from an infection or degeneration, resulting in inability to open or close completely

A

Valvular disease

144
Q

a narrowing of an opening or canal

145
Q

failure of a valve to close completely from disease, resulting in regurgitation of blood back into the chamber from which it was expelled

A

Incompetence

146
Q

pacemaker of the heart

A

Sinoatrial node (SA node)

147
Q

is a small structure in the heart, located in the Koch triangle, near the coronary sinus on the interatrial septum,
controls the passage of the heart’s electrical signal from the atria to the ventricles

A

Atrioventricular (AV) node

148
Q

Joins femoral vein

A

Great (NA) or Long Saphenous vein

149
Q

Joins popliteal vein

A

Small (NA) or Short Saphenous vein

RT 211 (23 decks)

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