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RT 211 > 1.2 Organization of Body Structures > Flashcards

1.2 Organization of Body Structures Flashcards

1
Q

is the armpit, the space between the medial surface of the upper arm and the adjacent lateral chest wall

A

Axilla

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2
Q

is the area of the oblique crease on the front of the body where the lower limb joint the trunk in front of the hip

A

Groin

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3
Q

is the lateral side of the abdomen between the lowest rib and the upper margin of the ilium

A

Loin

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4
Q

is one of the nine regions into which the abdomen is divided. It sometimes refers to the posterior abdominal wall adjacent to the lumbar vertebrae

A

Lumbar Region

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5
Q

is the prominent area of the rump on either side lying lateral to and behind the hip

A

Buttock

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6
Q

is the space between the upper medial surfaces of the thighs, and the extending from the anus behind to the pubic arch in front. It becomes visible when the thighs are separated

A

Perineum

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7
Q

THE ORGANIZATION OF BODY STRUCTURES

A
  • Cells
  • Tissues
  • Organs
  • Systems
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8
Q

the unit of structure and of function of the body

A

Cells

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9
Q

group of similar cells

A

Tissues

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10
Q

groups of tissues organized into a unit and concerned with some specific function

A

Organs

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11
Q

groups of tissues and organs arranged to perform some function

A

Systems

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12
Q

is a name used to indicate living matter

A

Protoplasm

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13
Q

cytoplasm + nucleus

A

Protoplasm

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14
Q

consists of complex molecules located in the chromosomes of the nucleic of body cells

A

DNA or Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid

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15
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid

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16
Q

each contains thousands of compounds with a nitrogen base, a sugar with 5 carbon atoms, deoxyribose, and a phosphate

A

DNA or Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid

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17
Q

responsible for multiple genes, and the transmission of hereditary traits

A

DNA or Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid

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18
Q

a compound molecule located in the nucleoli of cell nuclei, or in the cytoplasm

A

RNA or Ribose Nucleic Acid

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19
Q

RNA

A

Ribose Nucleic Acid

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20
Q

it contains nitrogen, ribose, a sugar with 5 carbon atoms and a phosphate

A

RNA or Ribose Nucleic Acid

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21
Q

1 micron – ______ mm

A

1/1000 nm, (1/25,000 of an inch)

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22
Q

1 millimicron = ______ micron

A

1/1000 micron, (1/25,000,000 of an inch)

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23
Q

1 angstrom = _____ millimicron

A

1/10 millimicron, (1/250,000,000 of an inch)

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24
Q

Cell membrane also called

A

Plasma membrane

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25
Q

a very thin covering that surrounds each cell

A

Cell membrane

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26
Q

it forms a wall to contain the cell contents but it is permeable to water and many molecules, allowing them to pass in or out of the cell

A

Cell membrane

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27
Q

Latin word of Nucleus

A

little nut

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28
Q

is centrally-placed rounded part of the cell that is separated from the remainder of the cell by nuclear membrane

A

Nucleus

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29
Q

controls cellular activity and contains chromosomes and a small rounded granule called ______

A

Nucleus,

nucleolus

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30
Q

are long threadlike filaments contained within the nucleus

A

Chromosomes

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31
Q

contains proteins and DNA molecules that carry genes

A

Chromosomes

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32
Q

rounded body within the nucleus. It contains RNA molecules and proteins

A

nucleolus

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33
Q

is that part of a cell that lies outside of the nucleus

A

Cytoplasm

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34
Q

sausage shaped bodies, the power plants, with enzymes producing chemical reactions that produce energy

A

Mitochondria

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35
Q

minute canals that build up proteins, synthesize proteins

A

Endoplasmic reticula

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36
Q

minute vesicles, small sacs that concentrate or condense intracellular materials

A

Golgi bodies

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37
Q

minute droplets that digest proteins, etc.

A

Lysosomes

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38
Q

small spherical bodies containing two cylinders which take part in cell division

A

Centrosomes

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39
Q

the fluid within the cytoplasm

A

Intracellular fluid

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40
Q

consists of the nucleus and surrounding cytoplasm

A

Cell body

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41
Q

are projections that extend out from the cell body in some types of cells, such as nerve and bone cells

A

Cell Processes

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42
Q

term used to include all the cells of the body except the genetic (reproductive) cells

A

Somatic cells

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43
Q

include those cells that produce an embryo, the ovum, or egg in the female, and the spermatozoon, or sperm in the male

A

Genetic cells or reproductive cells

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44
Q

4 TYPES OF TISSUES

A
  • Epithelial tissue or epithelium
  • Connective tissue
  • Muscular tissue
  • Nervous tissue or nerve tissue
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45
Q

is the material that lies between adjacent cell in any tissues

A

Intercellular substance

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46
Q

a thin sheet of tissue composed of cells cemented together to form a covering or lining membrane, such as skin, covering of a lung, or lining of a blood vessel or the intestine, etc.

A

Epithelial tissue (Epithelium)

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47
Q

contains nerve endings (receptors) but no blood vessels

A

Epithelium

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48
Q

it gives protection, manufactures secretions, and allows absorption and excretion

A

Epithelial tissue (Epithelium)

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49
Q

single layer of flat cobblestone or tilelike cells

A

Pavement epithelium

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50
Q

a layer of cube-shaped cells cemented together

A

Cuboidal epithelium

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51
Q

a layer of cylindrical cells joined together

A

Columnar epithelium

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52
Q

many-sided cells are cemented together

A

Polyhedral epithelium

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53
Q

shaped like wine goblets, are found in the columnar epithelium.

A

Goblet cells

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54
Q

They secrete mucus, a clear sticky fluid. They are found in mucous membranes of the digestive tract

A

Goblet cells

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55
Q

consists of a single layer of cells cemented together to form a continuous sheet

A

Simple epithelium

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56
Q

linings of blood vessels and the intestine, the covering of the heart, lungs, etc

A

Simple epithelium

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57
Q

consists of several layers of cells cemented together to form a membrane

A

Stratified epithelium

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58
Q

type of simple epithelium with a single layer of cells forming the lining of blood vessels

A

Endothelium

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59
Q

mouth, esophagus, vagina, skin

A

Stratified epithelium

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60
Q

a type of simple single-layered epithelium that lines the body cavities, the pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum

A

Mesothelium

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61
Q

a type of simple or stratified epithelium that contains goblet cells and secretes mucus

A

Mucous membrane

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62
Q

type of simple epithelium that secretes a thin watery colorless fluid

A

Serous membrane

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63
Q

is a type of epithelium that lines joint cavities, bursae, and the sheaths of tendons

A

Synovial membrane

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64
Q

It secretes an oily substance that lubricates adjacent surfaces

A

Synovial membrane

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65
Q

are supporting and binding tissues of the body

A

Connective Tissues

66
Q

functions to support, connect or bind other important tissues and to fill in spaces within and about organs

A

Connective Tissues

67
Q

consist of semiliquid or jellylike matrix surrounding well separated cells

A

Loose (Areolar) Connective Tissue

68
Q

network of loosely arranged fibers

A

Loose (Areolar) Connective Tissue

69
Q

wavy white bundles of fibers containing collagen that yield gelatin with boiling, and yellow elastic fibers that are stretchable

A

Loose (Areolar) Connective Tissue

70
Q

modified connective tissue

A

Adipose (Fatty) Tissue

71
Q

the nucleus of each cell is pushed to one side by fat that is deposited in the cytoplasm

A

Adipose (Fatty) Tissue

72
Q

the fat cell resembles a signet ring

A

Adipose (Fatty) Tissue

73
Q

type of connective tissue in which the matrix consists of bundles of collagen fibers that either lie parallel to each other or form a crisscross of fibers when in sheets

A

Fibrous Tissue

74
Q

form strong cords or sheets of tissue

A

Fibrous Tissue

75
Q

tendons, ligaments and aponeuroses

A

Fibrous Tissue

76
Q

largely composed of elastic fibers that are contractile and stretchable

A

Elastic Tissue, Elastic Connective Tissue

77
Q

found in structures that must expand and contract

A

Elastic Tissue, Elastic Connective Tissue

78
Q

walls of large blood vessels, lungs, membranes lining the hollow organs

A

Elastic Tissue, Elastic Connective Tissue

79
Q

is composed of a fine network of fibers

A

Reticular Tissue

80
Q

fine network

A

reticulum

81
Q

lymph nodes, spleen, thymus and bone marrow

A

Reticular Tissue

82
Q

oval shaped nucleated cells surrounded by a matrix that cements the cells into a firm but flexible structure

A

Cartilage or Gristle

83
Q

clear matrix

A

Hyaline Cartilage

84
Q

costal cartilages, nasal and laryngeal cartilages, and the ring like cartilages of the trachea and bronchi

A

Hyaline Cartilage

85
Q

white collagen fibers

A

Fibrocartilage

86
Q

articular discs at some joints such as intervertebral discs, semilunar cartilages at the knee, wrist, symphysis pubis, TMJ, acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joints

A

Fibrocartilage

87
Q

elastic fibers

A

Elastic cartilage

88
Q

Epiglottis, cartilages of the external ear, auditory canals

A

Elastic cartilage

89
Q

modified connective tissue

A

Bone or Osseous Tissue

90
Q

nucleated cells with many processes extending out from the cell bodies

A

Bone or Osseous Tissue

91
Q

the spaces about the processed and between cells impregnated with calcium phosphate forming a rigid matrix

A

Bone or Osseous Tissue

92
Q

elongated, cylindrical or spindle-shaped cells cemented together to form bundles of sheets

A

Muscular Tissue: Muscle Tissue

93
Q

muscle cells are also called ______

A

muscle fibers

94
Q

minute fibrils (little fibers) or myofibrils extend from one of a muscle to the other in the cytoplasm

A

Muscular Tissue: Muscle Tissue

95
Q

MUSCULAR TISSUE: MUSCLE TISSUE

A
  • Skeletal muscle
  • Visceral muscle
  • Cardiac muscle
96
Q

voluntary, striated muscle

A

Skeletal muscle

97
Q

attached to bones across a joint

A

Skeletal muscle

98
Q

has sensory and motor nerves

A

Skeletal muscle

99
Q

involuntary, non-striated

A

Visceral muscle

100
Q

smooth muscles

A

Visceral muscle

101
Q

stomach, intestine, gallbladder, blood vessels

A

Visceral muscle

102
Q

controlled by autonomic nervous system

A

Visceral muscle

103
Q

two layers of visceral muscle in the covering of a hollow organ

A
  • Inner circular layer

- Outer longitudinal layer

104
Q

involuntary, striated

A

Cardiac muscle

105
Q

fibers are cylindrical but branched

A

Cardiac muscle

106
Q

central nucleus and two sets of processes, an axon and dendrites

A

Neurons

107
Q

is a singular slender process extending out from the cell body. It may be 2 or 3 ft in length. It conducts impulses away from the cell body

A

Axon

108
Q

carry impulses toward the cell body

A

Dendrites

109
Q

convey sensory impulses from skin or other structures to the spinal cord

A

Sensory neurons

110
Q

are minute structures at the distal end of dendrites that pick up sensory impulses

A

Receptors

111
Q

convey impulses from the brain and spinal cord out to muscles or secreting glands

A

Motor neurons

112
Q

are minute plates or branching fibrils at the distal ends of axons of motor neurons

A

Effectors

113
Q

are the supporting cells of the nervous system and are placed among and around neurons

A

Neuroglia

114
Q

group of tissues organized into unit concerned with some specific bodily function

A

Organs

115
Q

group of tissues and organs arranged to perform some function

A

System

116
Q

Cell membranes and nuclear membranes of body cells have _____

A

minute pores and semipermeable

117
Q

a process by which water, with its dissolved smaller molecules, passes through cell or vessel walls in the same concentration as in the original solution

A

Filtration

118
Q

is the movement of molecules from an area of greater concentration to one of lesser concentration

A

Diffusion

119
Q

is the passage of water through a semipermeable membrane towards the side with the greater concentration of the dissolved substance

A

Osmosis

120
Q

is a term used to designate maintenance within certain normal limits of the percentage concentration of the various components of blood, body cells, intercellular spaces, etc.

A

Homeostasis

121
Q

the weight (mass) per unit volume

A

Density of any substance

122
Q

Varies considerably and depends upon the anatomical structure such as:

A
  • The composition of the cells of the organs

- Whether the cells are closely packed together or are widely separated

123
Q

The composition of the material filling in the spaces between cells –

A

the matrix

124
Q

is an agent used to render hollow organs, often with thin walls, visible

A

Media or Medium

125
Q

cell division by spindle formation, the duplication of chromosomes, separation of daughter chromatids, (chromosomes), division of cytoplasm, formation of 2 identical daughter cells

A

Mitosis

126
Q

is the between stage before active cell division has begun

A

Interphase

127
Q

Interphase also known as

A

resting stage

128
Q

preliminary stage includes all the initial steps that occur in preparation for the next stage or metaphase

A

Prophase

129
Q

the 46 chromosomes become condensed, rodlike and shortened

A

Prophase

130
Q

chromosomes become doubled and 46 pairs of chromatids (92), each one of pair identical to its mate, each gene is duplicated

A

Duplication (Prophase)

131
Q

Paired chromatids separate except at one point near the center

A

Prophase

132
Q

Paired chromatids separate except at one point near the center – the ______

A

centromere

133
Q

The centromere divides into 2 centrosomes, one of which migrates to each pole (or end) of the cell body; (centrosomes contain 2 centrioles)

A

Prophase

134
Q

a spindle of fibers form between the newly formed centrosomes

A

Prophase

135
Q

other fibers radiate out from each centrosome in all directions

A

Aster formation (Prophase)

136
Q

the nuclear membrane disappears

A

Prophase

137
Q

the nucleolus also disappears

A

Prophase

138
Q

equatorial grouping: the chromatids line up at the equator of the spindle

A

Metaphase

139
Q

the paired chromatids become arranged at the equator of the spindle, one pair attached to a fiber of the spindle

A

Metaphase

140
Q

Anaphase or

A

separation

141
Q

the paired chromatids separated from each other

A

Anaphase

142
Q

one chromatid of each pair migrates along its fiber to a centrosome at each pole

A

Anaphase

143
Q

the 46 chromatids become chromosomes or fine filaments grouped at the centrosome

A

Anaphase

144
Q

completion of cell division

A

Telophase

145
Q

the 46 chromosomes, threadlike filaments, form a new nucleus close to the centrosome

A

Telophase

146
Q

the spindle and aster disappear

A

Telophase

147
Q

a nuclear membrane forms around the 46 chromosomes at each end of the dividing cell

A

Telophase

148
Q

the nucleolus reforms

A

Telophase

149
Q

the cytoplasm divides, the cell membrane now becomes constricted at the equator, and pinches off forming two separate daughter cells with nuclei

A

Telophase

150
Q

each daughter cell is a duplication of the parent cell with 46 chromosomes and its genes

A

Telophase

151
Q

a reduction, a lessening

A

Miosis or meiosis (Greek word)

152
Q

a cell division in genetic or reproductive cells, ova or eggs, and spermatozoa or sperms

A

Meiosis

153
Q

process in which the parent cell is reduced into one-half of the number of chromosomes

A

Maturation

154
Q

2 types of Meiosis

A

Oogenesis and spermatogenesis

155
Q

is the between stage before active cell division has begun

A

Interphase or resting stage

156
Q

are fine filaments, 46 in each nucleus in human somatic cells, contain DNA molecules all having genes per chromosome, participate in cell division, becoming duplicated, form chromosomes or daughter cells

A

Chromosomes

157
Q

point of contract of paired daughter chromatids during cell division

A

Centromere

158
Q

are now considered to be fractions of DNA molecules of chromosomes, in many different combinations

A

Genes

159
Q

a mutation

A

Congenital anomaly

160
Q

a variation in structure of a part of the body from usual form, and is present at births

A

Congenital anomaly

RT 211 (23 decks)

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