1.2 Organization of Body Structures Flashcards
is the armpit, the space between the medial surface of the upper arm and the adjacent lateral chest wall
Axilla
is the area of the oblique crease on the front of the body where the lower limb joint the trunk in front of the hip
Groin
is the lateral side of the abdomen between the lowest rib and the upper margin of the ilium
Loin
is one of the nine regions into which the abdomen is divided. It sometimes refers to the posterior abdominal wall adjacent to the lumbar vertebrae
Lumbar Region
is the prominent area of the rump on either side lying lateral to and behind the hip
Buttock
is the space between the upper medial surfaces of the thighs, and the extending from the anus behind to the pubic arch in front. It becomes visible when the thighs are separated
Perineum
THE ORGANIZATION OF BODY STRUCTURES
- Cells
- Tissues
- Organs
- Systems
the unit of structure and of function of the body
Cells
group of similar cells
Tissues
groups of tissues organized into a unit and concerned with some specific function
Organs
groups of tissues and organs arranged to perform some function
Systems
is a name used to indicate living matter
Protoplasm
cytoplasm + nucleus
Protoplasm
consists of complex molecules located in the chromosomes of the nucleic of body cells
DNA or Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid
DNA
Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid
each contains thousands of compounds with a nitrogen base, a sugar with 5 carbon atoms, deoxyribose, and a phosphate
DNA or Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid
responsible for multiple genes, and the transmission of hereditary traits
DNA or Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid
a compound molecule located in the nucleoli of cell nuclei, or in the cytoplasm
RNA or Ribose Nucleic Acid
RNA
Ribose Nucleic Acid
it contains nitrogen, ribose, a sugar with 5 carbon atoms and a phosphate
RNA or Ribose Nucleic Acid
1 micron – ______ mm
1/1000 nm, (1/25,000 of an inch)
1 millimicron = ______ micron
1/1000 micron, (1/25,000,000 of an inch)
1 angstrom = _____ millimicron
1/10 millimicron, (1/250,000,000 of an inch)
Cell membrane also called
Plasma membrane
a very thin covering that surrounds each cell
Cell membrane
it forms a wall to contain the cell contents but it is permeable to water and many molecules, allowing them to pass in or out of the cell
Cell membrane
Latin word of Nucleus
little nut
is centrally-placed rounded part of the cell that is separated from the remainder of the cell by nuclear membrane
Nucleus
controls cellular activity and contains chromosomes and a small rounded granule called ______
Nucleus,
nucleolus
are long threadlike filaments contained within the nucleus
Chromosomes
contains proteins and DNA molecules that carry genes
Chromosomes
rounded body within the nucleus. It contains RNA molecules and proteins
nucleolus
is that part of a cell that lies outside of the nucleus
Cytoplasm
sausage shaped bodies, the power plants, with enzymes producing chemical reactions that produce energy
Mitochondria
minute canals that build up proteins, synthesize proteins
Endoplasmic reticula
minute vesicles, small sacs that concentrate or condense intracellular materials
Golgi bodies
minute droplets that digest proteins, etc.
Lysosomes
small spherical bodies containing two cylinders which take part in cell division
Centrosomes
the fluid within the cytoplasm
Intracellular fluid
consists of the nucleus and surrounding cytoplasm
Cell body
are projections that extend out from the cell body in some types of cells, such as nerve and bone cells
Cell Processes
term used to include all the cells of the body except the genetic (reproductive) cells
Somatic cells
include those cells that produce an embryo, the ovum, or egg in the female, and the spermatozoon, or sperm in the male
Genetic cells or reproductive cells
4 TYPES OF TISSUES
- Epithelial tissue or epithelium
- Connective tissue
- Muscular tissue
- Nervous tissue or nerve tissue
is the material that lies between adjacent cell in any tissues
Intercellular substance
a thin sheet of tissue composed of cells cemented together to form a covering or lining membrane, such as skin, covering of a lung, or lining of a blood vessel or the intestine, etc.
Epithelial tissue (Epithelium)
contains nerve endings (receptors) but no blood vessels
Epithelium
it gives protection, manufactures secretions, and allows absorption and excretion
Epithelial tissue (Epithelium)
single layer of flat cobblestone or tilelike cells
Pavement epithelium
a layer of cube-shaped cells cemented together
Cuboidal epithelium
a layer of cylindrical cells joined together
Columnar epithelium
many-sided cells are cemented together
Polyhedral epithelium
shaped like wine goblets, are found in the columnar epithelium.
Goblet cells
They secrete mucus, a clear sticky fluid. They are found in mucous membranes of the digestive tract
Goblet cells
consists of a single layer of cells cemented together to form a continuous sheet
Simple epithelium
linings of blood vessels and the intestine, the covering of the heart, lungs, etc
Simple epithelium
consists of several layers of cells cemented together to form a membrane
Stratified epithelium
type of simple epithelium with a single layer of cells forming the lining of blood vessels
Endothelium
mouth, esophagus, vagina, skin
Stratified epithelium
a type of simple single-layered epithelium that lines the body cavities, the pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum
Mesothelium
a type of simple or stratified epithelium that contains goblet cells and secretes mucus
Mucous membrane
type of simple epithelium that secretes a thin watery colorless fluid
Serous membrane
is a type of epithelium that lines joint cavities, bursae, and the sheaths of tendons
Synovial membrane
It secretes an oily substance that lubricates adjacent surfaces
Synovial membrane
are supporting and binding tissues of the body
Connective Tissues
functions to support, connect or bind other important tissues and to fill in spaces within and about organs
Connective Tissues
consist of semiliquid or jellylike matrix surrounding well separated cells
Loose (Areolar) Connective Tissue
network of loosely arranged fibers
Loose (Areolar) Connective Tissue
wavy white bundles of fibers containing collagen that yield gelatin with boiling, and yellow elastic fibers that are stretchable
Loose (Areolar) Connective Tissue
modified connective tissue
Adipose (Fatty) Tissue
the nucleus of each cell is pushed to one side by fat that is deposited in the cytoplasm
Adipose (Fatty) Tissue
the fat cell resembles a signet ring
Adipose (Fatty) Tissue
type of connective tissue in which the matrix consists of bundles of collagen fibers that either lie parallel to each other or form a crisscross of fibers when in sheets
Fibrous Tissue
form strong cords or sheets of tissue
Fibrous Tissue
tendons, ligaments and aponeuroses
Fibrous Tissue
largely composed of elastic fibers that are contractile and stretchable
Elastic Tissue, Elastic Connective Tissue
found in structures that must expand and contract
Elastic Tissue, Elastic Connective Tissue
walls of large blood vessels, lungs, membranes lining the hollow organs
Elastic Tissue, Elastic Connective Tissue
is composed of a fine network of fibers
Reticular Tissue
fine network
reticulum
lymph nodes, spleen, thymus and bone marrow
Reticular Tissue
oval shaped nucleated cells surrounded by a matrix that cements the cells into a firm but flexible structure
Cartilage or Gristle
clear matrix
Hyaline Cartilage
costal cartilages, nasal and laryngeal cartilages, and the ring like cartilages of the trachea and bronchi
Hyaline Cartilage
white collagen fibers
Fibrocartilage
articular discs at some joints such as intervertebral discs, semilunar cartilages at the knee, wrist, symphysis pubis, TMJ, acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joints
Fibrocartilage
elastic fibers
Elastic cartilage
Epiglottis, cartilages of the external ear, auditory canals
Elastic cartilage
modified connective tissue
Bone or Osseous Tissue
nucleated cells with many processes extending out from the cell bodies
Bone or Osseous Tissue
the spaces about the processed and between cells impregnated with calcium phosphate forming a rigid matrix
Bone or Osseous Tissue
elongated, cylindrical or spindle-shaped cells cemented together to form bundles of sheets
Muscular Tissue: Muscle Tissue
muscle cells are also called ______
muscle fibers
minute fibrils (little fibers) or myofibrils extend from one of a muscle to the other in the cytoplasm
Muscular Tissue: Muscle Tissue
MUSCULAR TISSUE: MUSCLE TISSUE
- Skeletal muscle
- Visceral muscle
- Cardiac muscle
voluntary, striated muscle
Skeletal muscle
attached to bones across a joint
Skeletal muscle
has sensory and motor nerves
Skeletal muscle
involuntary, non-striated
Visceral muscle
smooth muscles
Visceral muscle
stomach, intestine, gallbladder, blood vessels
Visceral muscle
controlled by autonomic nervous system
Visceral muscle
two layers of visceral muscle in the covering of a hollow organ
- Inner circular layer
- Outer longitudinal layer
involuntary, striated
Cardiac muscle
fibers are cylindrical but branched
Cardiac muscle
central nucleus and two sets of processes, an axon and dendrites
Neurons
is a singular slender process extending out from the cell body. It may be 2 or 3 ft in length. It conducts impulses away from the cell body
Axon
carry impulses toward the cell body
Dendrites
convey sensory impulses from skin or other structures to the spinal cord
Sensory neurons
are minute structures at the distal end of dendrites that pick up sensory impulses
Receptors
convey impulses from the brain and spinal cord out to muscles or secreting glands
Motor neurons
are minute plates or branching fibrils at the distal ends of axons of motor neurons
Effectors
are the supporting cells of the nervous system and are placed among and around neurons
Neuroglia
group of tissues organized into unit concerned with some specific bodily function
Organs
group of tissues and organs arranged to perform some function
System
Cell membranes and nuclear membranes of body cells have _____
minute pores and semipermeable
a process by which water, with its dissolved smaller molecules, passes through cell or vessel walls in the same concentration as in the original solution
Filtration
is the movement of molecules from an area of greater concentration to one of lesser concentration
Diffusion
is the passage of water through a semipermeable membrane towards the side with the greater concentration of the dissolved substance
Osmosis
is a term used to designate maintenance within certain normal limits of the percentage concentration of the various components of blood, body cells, intercellular spaces, etc.
Homeostasis
the weight (mass) per unit volume
Density of any substance
Varies considerably and depends upon the anatomical structure such as:
- The composition of the cells of the organs
- Whether the cells are closely packed together or are widely separated
The composition of the material filling in the spaces between cells –
the matrix
is an agent used to render hollow organs, often with thin walls, visible
Media or Medium
cell division by spindle formation, the duplication of chromosomes, separation of daughter chromatids, (chromosomes), division of cytoplasm, formation of 2 identical daughter cells
Mitosis
is the between stage before active cell division has begun
Interphase
Interphase also known as
resting stage
preliminary stage includes all the initial steps that occur in preparation for the next stage or metaphase
Prophase
the 46 chromosomes become condensed, rodlike and shortened
Prophase
chromosomes become doubled and 46 pairs of chromatids (92), each one of pair identical to its mate, each gene is duplicated
Duplication (Prophase)
Paired chromatids separate except at one point near the center
Prophase
Paired chromatids separate except at one point near the center – the ______
centromere
The centromere divides into 2 centrosomes, one of which migrates to each pole (or end) of the cell body; (centrosomes contain 2 centrioles)
Prophase
a spindle of fibers form between the newly formed centrosomes
Prophase
other fibers radiate out from each centrosome in all directions
Aster formation (Prophase)
the nuclear membrane disappears
Prophase
the nucleolus also disappears
Prophase
equatorial grouping: the chromatids line up at the equator of the spindle
Metaphase
the paired chromatids become arranged at the equator of the spindle, one pair attached to a fiber of the spindle
Metaphase
Anaphase or
separation
the paired chromatids separated from each other
Anaphase
one chromatid of each pair migrates along its fiber to a centrosome at each pole
Anaphase
the 46 chromatids become chromosomes or fine filaments grouped at the centrosome
Anaphase
completion of cell division
Telophase
the 46 chromosomes, threadlike filaments, form a new nucleus close to the centrosome
Telophase
the spindle and aster disappear
Telophase
a nuclear membrane forms around the 46 chromosomes at each end of the dividing cell
Telophase
the nucleolus reforms
Telophase
the cytoplasm divides, the cell membrane now becomes constricted at the equator, and pinches off forming two separate daughter cells with nuclei
Telophase
each daughter cell is a duplication of the parent cell with 46 chromosomes and its genes
Telophase
a reduction, a lessening
Miosis or meiosis (Greek word)
a cell division in genetic or reproductive cells, ova or eggs, and spermatozoa or sperms
Meiosis
process in which the parent cell is reduced into one-half of the number of chromosomes
Maturation
2 types of Meiosis
Oogenesis and spermatogenesis
is the between stage before active cell division has begun
Interphase or resting stage
are fine filaments, 46 in each nucleus in human somatic cells, contain DNA molecules all having genes per chromosome, participate in cell division, becoming duplicated, form chromosomes or daughter cells
Chromosomes
point of contract of paired daughter chromatids during cell division
Centromere
are now considered to be fractions of DNA molecules of chromosomes, in many different combinations
Genes
a mutation
Congenital anomaly
a variation in structure of a part of the body from usual form, and is present at births
Congenital anomaly
