1.2 Organization of Body Structures Flashcards
1
Q
is the armpit, the space between the medial surface of the upper arm and the adjacent lateral chest wall
A
Axilla
2
Q
is the area of the oblique crease on the front of the body where the lower limb joint the trunk in front of the hip
A
Groin
3
Q
is the lateral side of the abdomen between the lowest rib and the upper margin of the ilium
A
Loin
4
Q
is one of the nine regions into which the abdomen is divided. It sometimes refers to the posterior abdominal wall adjacent to the lumbar vertebrae
A
Lumbar Region
5
Q
is the prominent area of the rump on either side lying lateral to and behind the hip
A
Buttock
6
Q
is the space between the upper medial surfaces of the thighs, and the extending from the anus behind to the pubic arch in front. It becomes visible when the thighs are separated
A
Perineum
7
Q
THE ORGANIZATION OF BODY STRUCTURES
A
- Cells
- Tissues
- Organs
- Systems
8
Q
the unit of structure and of function of the body
A
Cells
9
Q
group of similar cells
A
Tissues
10
Q
groups of tissues organized into a unit and concerned with some specific function
A
Organs
11
Q
groups of tissues and organs arranged to perform some function
A
Systems
12
Q
is a name used to indicate living matter
A
Protoplasm
13
Q
cytoplasm + nucleus
A
Protoplasm
14
Q
consists of complex molecules located in the chromosomes of the nucleic of body cells
A
DNA or Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid
15
Q
DNA
A
Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid
16
Q
each contains thousands of compounds with a nitrogen base, a sugar with 5 carbon atoms, deoxyribose, and a phosphate
A
DNA or Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid
17
Q
responsible for multiple genes, and the transmission of hereditary traits
A
DNA or Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid
18
Q
a compound molecule located in the nucleoli of cell nuclei, or in the cytoplasm
A
RNA or Ribose Nucleic Acid
19
Q
RNA
A
Ribose Nucleic Acid
20
Q
it contains nitrogen, ribose, a sugar with 5 carbon atoms and a phosphate
A
RNA or Ribose Nucleic Acid
21
Q
1 micron – ______ mm
A
1/1000 nm, (1/25,000 of an inch)
22
Q
1 millimicron = ______ micron
A
1/1000 micron, (1/25,000,000 of an inch)
23
Q
1 angstrom = _____ millimicron
A
1/10 millimicron, (1/250,000,000 of an inch)
24
Q
Cell membrane also called
A
Plasma membrane
25
a very thin covering that surrounds each cell
Cell membrane
26
it forms a wall to contain the cell contents but it is permeable to water and many molecules, allowing them to pass in or out of the cell
Cell membrane
27
Latin word of Nucleus
little nut
28
is centrally-placed rounded part of the cell that is separated from the remainder of the cell by nuclear membrane
Nucleus
29
controls cellular activity and contains chromosomes and a small rounded granule called ______
Nucleus,
| nucleolus
30
are long threadlike filaments contained within the nucleus
Chromosomes
31
contains proteins and DNA molecules that carry genes
Chromosomes
32
rounded body within the nucleus. It contains RNA molecules and proteins
nucleolus
33
is that part of a cell that lies outside of the nucleus
Cytoplasm
34
sausage shaped bodies, the power plants, with enzymes producing chemical reactions that produce energy
Mitochondria
35
minute canals that build up proteins, synthesize proteins
Endoplasmic reticula
36
minute vesicles, small sacs that concentrate or condense intracellular materials
Golgi bodies
37
minute droplets that digest proteins, etc.
Lysosomes
38
small spherical bodies containing two cylinders which take part in cell division
Centrosomes
39
the fluid within the cytoplasm
Intracellular fluid
40
consists of the nucleus and surrounding cytoplasm
Cell body
41
are projections that extend out from the cell body in some types of cells, such as nerve and bone cells
Cell Processes
42
term used to include all the cells of the body except the genetic (reproductive) cells
Somatic cells
43
include those cells that produce an embryo, the ovum, or egg in the female, and the spermatozoon, or sperm in the male
Genetic cells or reproductive cells
44
4 TYPES OF TISSUES
* Epithelial tissue or epithelium
* Connective tissue
* Muscular tissue
* Nervous tissue or nerve tissue
45
is the material that lies between adjacent cell in any tissues
Intercellular substance
46
a thin sheet of tissue composed of cells cemented together to form a covering or lining membrane, such as skin, covering of a lung, or lining of a blood vessel or the intestine, etc.
Epithelial tissue (Epithelium)
47
contains nerve endings (receptors) but no blood vessels
Epithelium
48
it gives protection, manufactures secretions, and allows absorption and excretion
Epithelial tissue (Epithelium)
49
single layer of flat cobblestone or tilelike cells
Pavement epithelium
50
a layer of cube-shaped cells cemented together
Cuboidal epithelium
51
a layer of cylindrical cells joined together
Columnar epithelium
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many-sided cells are cemented together
Polyhedral epithelium
53
shaped like wine goblets, are found in the columnar epithelium.
Goblet cells
54
They secrete mucus, a clear sticky fluid. They are found in mucous membranes of the digestive tract
Goblet cells
55
consists of a single layer of cells cemented together to form a continuous sheet
Simple epithelium
56
linings of blood vessels and the intestine, the covering of the heart, lungs, etc
Simple epithelium
57
consists of several layers of cells cemented together to form a membrane
Stratified epithelium
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type of simple epithelium with a single layer of cells forming the lining of blood vessels
Endothelium
59
mouth, esophagus, vagina, skin
Stratified epithelium
60
a type of simple single-layered epithelium that lines the body cavities, the pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum
Mesothelium
61
a type of simple or stratified epithelium that contains goblet cells and secretes mucus
Mucous membrane
62
type of simple epithelium that secretes a thin watery colorless fluid
Serous membrane
63
is a type of epithelium that lines joint cavities, bursae, and the sheaths of tendons
Synovial membrane
64
It secretes an oily substance that lubricates adjacent surfaces
Synovial membrane
65
are supporting and binding tissues of the body
Connective Tissues
66
functions to support, connect or bind other important tissues and to fill in spaces within and about organs
Connective Tissues
67
consist of semiliquid or jellylike matrix surrounding well separated cells
Loose (Areolar) Connective Tissue
68
network of loosely arranged fibers
Loose (Areolar) Connective Tissue
69
wavy white bundles of fibers containing collagen that yield gelatin with boiling, and yellow elastic fibers that are stretchable
Loose (Areolar) Connective Tissue
70
modified connective tissue
Adipose (Fatty) Tissue
71
the nucleus of each cell is pushed to one side by fat that is deposited in the cytoplasm
Adipose (Fatty) Tissue
72
the fat cell resembles a signet ring
Adipose (Fatty) Tissue
73
type of connective tissue in which the matrix consists of bundles of collagen fibers that either lie parallel to each other or form a crisscross of fibers when in sheets
Fibrous Tissue
74
form strong cords or sheets of tissue
Fibrous Tissue
75
tendons, ligaments and aponeuroses
Fibrous Tissue
76
largely composed of elastic fibers that are contractile and stretchable
Elastic Tissue, Elastic Connective Tissue
77
found in structures that must expand and contract
Elastic Tissue, Elastic Connective Tissue
78
walls of large blood vessels, lungs, membranes lining the hollow organs
Elastic Tissue, Elastic Connective Tissue
79
is composed of a fine network of fibers
Reticular Tissue
80
fine network
reticulum
81
lymph nodes, spleen, thymus and bone marrow
Reticular Tissue
82
oval shaped nucleated cells surrounded by a matrix that cements the cells into a firm but flexible structure
Cartilage or Gristle
83
clear matrix
Hyaline Cartilage
84
costal cartilages, nasal and laryngeal cartilages, and the ring like cartilages of the trachea and bronchi
Hyaline Cartilage
85
white collagen fibers
Fibrocartilage
86
articular discs at some joints such as intervertebral discs, semilunar cartilages at the knee, wrist, symphysis pubis, TMJ, acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joints
Fibrocartilage
87
elastic fibers
Elastic cartilage
88
Epiglottis, cartilages of the external ear, auditory canals
Elastic cartilage
89
modified connective tissue
Bone or Osseous Tissue
90
nucleated cells with many processes extending out from the cell bodies
Bone or Osseous Tissue
91
the spaces about the processed and between cells impregnated with calcium phosphate forming a rigid matrix
Bone or Osseous Tissue
92
elongated, cylindrical or spindle-shaped cells cemented together to form bundles of sheets
Muscular Tissue: Muscle Tissue
93
muscle cells are also called ______
muscle fibers
94
minute fibrils (little fibers) or myofibrils extend from one of a muscle to the other in the cytoplasm
Muscular Tissue: Muscle Tissue
95
MUSCULAR TISSUE: MUSCLE TISSUE
- Skeletal muscle
- Visceral muscle
- Cardiac muscle
96
voluntary, striated muscle
Skeletal muscle
97
attached to bones across a joint
Skeletal muscle
98
has sensory and motor nerves
Skeletal muscle
99
involuntary, non-striated
Visceral muscle
100
smooth muscles
Visceral muscle
101
stomach, intestine, gallbladder, blood vessels
Visceral muscle
102
controlled by autonomic nervous system
Visceral muscle
103
two layers of visceral muscle in the covering of a hollow organ
- Inner circular layer
| - Outer longitudinal layer
104
involuntary, striated
Cardiac muscle
105
fibers are cylindrical but branched
Cardiac muscle
106
central nucleus and two sets of processes, an axon and dendrites
Neurons
107
is a singular slender process extending out from the cell body. It may be 2 or 3 ft in length. It conducts impulses away from the cell body
Axon
108
carry impulses toward the cell body
Dendrites
109
convey sensory impulses from skin or other structures to the spinal cord
Sensory neurons
110
are minute structures at the distal end of dendrites that pick up sensory impulses
Receptors
111
convey impulses from the brain and spinal cord out to muscles or secreting glands
Motor neurons
112
are minute plates or branching fibrils at the distal ends of axons of motor neurons
Effectors
113
are the supporting cells of the nervous system and are placed among and around neurons
Neuroglia
114
group of tissues organized into unit concerned with some specific bodily function
Organs
115
group of tissues and organs arranged to perform some function
System
116
Cell membranes and nuclear membranes of body cells have _____
minute pores and semipermeable
117
a process by which water, with its dissolved smaller molecules, passes through cell or vessel walls in the same concentration as in the original solution
Filtration
118
is the movement of molecules from an area of greater concentration to one of lesser concentration
Diffusion
119
is the passage of water through a semipermeable membrane towards the side with the greater concentration of the dissolved substance
Osmosis
120
is a term used to designate maintenance within certain normal limits of the percentage concentration of the various components of blood, body cells, intercellular spaces, etc.
Homeostasis
121
the weight (mass) per unit volume
Density of any substance
122
Varies considerably and depends upon the anatomical structure such as:
- The composition of the cells of the organs
| - Whether the cells are closely packed together or are widely separated
123
The composition of the material filling in the spaces between cells –
the matrix
124
is an agent used to render hollow organs, often with thin walls, visible
Media or Medium
125
cell division by spindle formation, the duplication of chromosomes, separation of daughter chromatids, (chromosomes), division of cytoplasm, formation of 2 identical daughter cells
Mitosis
126
is the between stage before active cell division has begun
Interphase
127
Interphase also known as
resting stage
128
preliminary stage includes all the initial steps that occur in preparation for the next stage or metaphase
Prophase
129
the 46 chromosomes become condensed, rodlike and shortened
Prophase
130
chromosomes become doubled and 46 pairs of chromatids (92), each one of pair identical to its mate, each gene is duplicated
Duplication (Prophase)
131
Paired chromatids separate except at one point near the center
Prophase
132
Paired chromatids separate except at one point near the center – the ______
centromere
133
The centromere divides into 2 centrosomes, one of which migrates to each pole (or end) of the cell body; (centrosomes contain 2 centrioles)
Prophase
134
a spindle of fibers form between the newly formed centrosomes
Prophase
135
other fibers radiate out from each centrosome in all directions
Aster formation (Prophase)
136
the nuclear membrane disappears
Prophase
137
the nucleolus also disappears
Prophase
138
equatorial grouping: the chromatids line up at the equator of the spindle
Metaphase
139
the paired chromatids become arranged at the equator of the spindle, one pair attached to a fiber of the spindle
Metaphase
140
Anaphase or
separation
141
the paired chromatids separated from each other
Anaphase
142
one chromatid of each pair migrates along its fiber to a centrosome at each pole
Anaphase
143
the 46 chromatids become chromosomes or fine filaments grouped at the centrosome
Anaphase
144
completion of cell division
Telophase
145
the 46 chromosomes, threadlike filaments, form a new nucleus close to the centrosome
Telophase
146
the spindle and aster disappear
Telophase
147
a nuclear membrane forms around the 46 chromosomes at each end of the dividing cell
Telophase
148
the nucleolus reforms
Telophase
149
the cytoplasm divides, the cell membrane now becomes constricted at the equator, and pinches off forming two separate daughter cells with nuclei
Telophase
150
each daughter cell is a duplication of the parent cell with 46 chromosomes and its genes
Telophase
151
a reduction, a lessening
Miosis or meiosis (Greek word)
152
a cell division in genetic or reproductive cells, ova or eggs, and spermatozoa or sperms
Meiosis
153
process in which the parent cell is reduced into one-half of the number of chromosomes
Maturation
154
2 types of Meiosis
Oogenesis and spermatogenesis
155
is the between stage before active cell division has begun
Interphase or resting stage
156
are fine filaments, 46 in each nucleus in human somatic cells, contain DNA molecules all having genes per chromosome, participate in cell division, becoming duplicated, form chromosomes or daughter cells
Chromosomes
157
point of contract of paired daughter chromatids during cell division
Centromere
158
are now considered to be fractions of DNA molecules of chromosomes, in many different combinations
Genes
159
a mutation
Congenital anomaly
160
a variation in structure of a part of the body from usual form, and is present at births
Congenital anomaly
