2.2 Introduction to Bones and Joints Flashcards
1
Q
a bone
A
Os
2
Q
plural and adjective of Os
A
Ossa, osseous
3
Q
a little bone
A
Ossicle
4
Q
to form bones
A
Ossify
5
Q
a deposit of calcium, not the formation of bone
A
Calcification
6
Q
a wing
A
Ala
7
Q
rounder knoblike projection of knuckle
A
Condyle
8
Q
a horn
A
Cornu
9
Q
a narrow ridge of bone
A
Crest
10
Q
plural of cornua
A
Cornu
11
Q
plural of crest
A
crista
12
Q
a bony projection on or above a condyle
A
Epicondyle
13
Q
a small hammer, a rounded bony prominence;
A
Malleolus
14
Q
plural of Malleolus
A
malleoli
15
Q
any definite or marked bony prominence
A
Process
16
Q
a sharp slender process
A
Spine or spinous process
17
Q
a sharp slender process
A
Styloid process
18
Q
a very large rounded process
A
Trochanter
19
Q
a small rounder process
A
Tubercle
20
Q
a large rounded process
A
Tuberosity
21
Q
a small pit or depression
A
Fovea
22
Q
smooth articular surface
A
Facet
23
Q
an older term for smooth articular surface of vertebrae
A
Facet
24
Q
FUNCTIONS OF BONES
A
- Protection
- Support and framework
- Levers
25
Types of bones
* Long bones
* Short bones
* Flat bones
* Irregular bones
* Sesamoid bones
26
Humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula
Long bones
27
metacarpals, metatarsals, phalanges of the limbs
Miniature long bones
28
Carpal and tarsal bones
Short bones
29
Skull, scapula, ribs, sternum
Flat bones
30
Vertebrae, bones at the base of the skull
Irregular bones
31
a membrane that covers all bones with the exception of the articular surfaces
Periosteum
32
dense closely knit bone resembling ivory, made up of compact Haversian system
Compact bone or Cortical bone
33
porous loosely-knit bone similar in appearance to a sponge, or honeycomb or latticework
Spongy or cancellous bone
34
is a central cavity extending longitudinally in the shafts of long bones
Medullary cavity or marrow cavity
35
membrane that lines the medullary cavities of a long bones
Endosteum
36
It contains bone marrow
Medullary cavity or marrow cavity
37
tissue occupying the medullary cavities of long bones and the spaces in spongy bone
Bone marrow
38
2 Types of Bone marrow
- Red bone marrow
| - Yellow bone marrow
39
become mature to become red bone marrow
Yellow bone marrow
40
small opening in the periosteum and open into a nutrient canal
Nutrient foramen
41
It carries a nerve and artery into bone, and provides a passage for veins and lymphatics
Nutrient foramen
42
are consists of thin layers of compact bone lie adjacent to the periosteum covering the external and internal surfaces
Flat bones
43
A layer of spongy bone called the _____ lies between the two compact layers
diploe
44
development of bones
Ossification
45
2 Types of Ossification
* Intracartilaginous
| * Intramembranous
46
the cartilage in the shafts of long bones and in the bodies of some other bones is replaced by bone while the fetus is still within the uterus
Intracartilaginous Ossification
47
group of bone cells that make their appearance in the center of the bodies of long and other bones
Primary center of ossification
48
part of bones formed from a primary center of ossification and includes the body or shaft
Diaphysis
49
group of bones that makes its appearance in the end of a bone, or in a bony prominence
Secondary center of ossification
50
the part formed from one or more secondary centers of ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
51
is a layer of cartilage between a diaphysis and epiphysis of bone, that persist during the growing period
Epiphyseal cartilage
52
the end of diaphysis adjacent to an epiphyseal cartilage
Metaphysis
53
occurs in the bones of the vault of the skull that form first as membranes
Intramembranous Ossification
54
by the division of these bone cells the membrane is replaced by bone except for the suture
Intramembranous Ossification
55
a joint
Articulation, Arthrosis, Junctura
56
Latin word for articulation
articulatio
57
Greek word for articulation
Arthron
58
movement away or across the medial line of the body
Abduction
59
movement towards or across the median line of the body
Adduction
60
the movement of bending
Flexion
61
the movement of straightening or stretching out
Extension
62
the movement of turning a part to face towards the medial lines
Inversion
63
the movement of turning a part away from the median line
Eversion
64
the movement of turning a part in one axis
Rotation
65
movement in a circular direction about a cone shaped axis
Circumduction
66
bending backwards for hands
Dorsiflexion
67
bending backwards for feet
Plantarflexion
68
extension beyond the normal limit
Hyperextension
69
flexion beyond the normal
Hyperflexion
70
bending around
Circumflexion
71
forcibly inverting, beyond normal
Forced inversion
72
turning inwards in 1 axis
Internal rotation
73
turning outwards in 1 axis
External rotation
74
CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS
- Fibrous Joints
- Cartilaginous Joints
- Synovial Joints
75
have a layer of fibrous tissue between the bone ends forming the joint
Fibrous Joints
76
have cartilage on the adjacent bone ends with a plate or disc of fibrocartilage uniting the two together
Cartilaginous Joints
77
have a joint cavity between the bone ends and are held together by a capsule surrounding the joint
Synovial Joints
78
are the ends of the bones forming a joint
Articular surfaces
79
cover the bone ends and adjacent bone margins
Articular cartilages
80
a membrane that surrounds the joint
Articular capsule
81
forms the lining for the joint cavity. It does not cover the articular cartilages
Inner Synovial membrane
82
It secretes a fluid that lubricates the joints
Inner Synovial membrane
83
composed of fibrous tissue pass from one bone across the joint to the other bone, inside or outside the capsule
Ligaments
84
composed of fibrous tissue pass from one bone across the joint to the other bone, inside or outside the capsule
Ligaments
85
frequently cross the joint and tend to give additional support
Muscles
86
closed sac of synovial tissue that lies between a muscle or tendon and an adjacent bone or bony prominence
Bursa
87
forms articular cartilages at joints, costal cartilages, nasal and laryngeal cartilages, and the ring-like cartilages of the trachea bronchi
Hyaline Cartilage
88
forms articular discs at some joints such as the intervertebral discs, semi-lunar cartilages at knee joint, and discs at the wrist, symphysis pubis, TMJ, acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joints
Fibrocartilage
89
forms epiglottis, cartilages of the external ear and auditory tube
Elastic Cartilage
90
are those that have flat or slightly curved articular surfaces that slide over each other during movement
Gliding joints
91
carpal and tarsal joints, joints between articular processes of vertebrae
Gliding joints
92
pulley-shaped surface
trochlea
93
have trochlea (pulley-shaped surface) fitting a concave surface to allow an angular motion similar to a hinge
Hinge joints
94
lower end of humerus and the ulna at the elbow, interphalangeal joints
Hinge joints
95
knuckle-like process
condyle
96
have condyle (knuckle-like process) fitting into a concave surface, allowing flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction
Condylar joints
97
metacarpophalangeal and wrist joints
Condylar joints
98
adjacent bone ends are shaped like a western saddle, convex in one direction and concave in the other
Saddle joints
99
this allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction
Saddle joints
100
carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
Saddle joints
101
are those in which a rounded bone end is encircled by a ring of cartilage or bone so that there is rotation or turning on one axis
Pivot joints
102
joint between the 1st cervical vertebra and tooth-like dens of the second, and the proximal radioulnar joint at elbow
Pivot joints
103
have a globelike end or head fitting into a cup-shaped cavity
Ball and socket joints
104
this allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction
Ball and socket joints
105
shoulder and hip joints
Ball and socket joints
106
CONGENITAL ANOMALIES: DEVELOPING BONES
* A secondary center of ossification may not unite with the body of a bone but may remain as a separate entity throughout life
* A bone may more secondary centers of ossifications than usual
* A secondary center may not unite with the body of the bone to which it belongs but to an adjacent bone
