8. The Respiratory System Flashcards
Has been designed to take oxygen into the body, and get rid of carbon dioxide and some other waste products of bodily activity
Respiratory System
2 chambers of the nose
Nasal cavities
lies posterior to the nasal cavities, mouth, and larynx
The Pharynx or throat
projects posteriorly from the hard palate
Soft palate
canal between the nasal pharynx and middle ear, opens into the lateral side of the nasal pharynx
Auditory tube
are located on the posterior wall of the nasal pharynx
Adenoids
is a flat leaflike plate of cartilage
Epiglottis
masses of lymphoid tissue
Tonsils
organ of voice or voice box
Larynx
is a triangular boxlike structure that lies in the anterior part of the neck
Larynx
compose of 2 flat plates of cartilage placed vertically and joined together at the midline anteriorly
Thyroid cartilage
is shaped like a signet ring. It encircles the larynx below the thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
are paired folds of the lining membrane of the larynx that extend medially from each sidewall of the larynx towards the midline
Vocal folds
is the slitlike opening between the vocal folds
Glottis
is a hollow tube 11 cm or about 4.5 inches in length extending from the larynx above to bronchi below. Consists of 16 to 20 incomplete ring
Trachea or windpipe
are hollow branched tubes continuous above with the trachea
Bronchi
is a ridge of cartilage between the openings from the trachea into right and left main bronchi.
Carina
Bifurcation of the trachea
Carina
are formed by the division of the smallest bronchi
Bronchioles
smallest bronchioles that leads into the air sacs of the lungs
Respiratory bronchioles
soft tissue study
Pharyngography
The lungs are divided into
lobes – segments – alveolar sacs – alveoli
the upper bluntly pointed end, and reaches one inch above the clavicle
Apex
the broad lower end is concave and rests upon the upper convex surface of the diaphragm
Base
is a depression or indention on the medial surface of each lung where the structures enter or leave the lung
Hilum
consists of structures entering or leaving the lungs at the hila, the blood vessels and the main bronchi
Roots
of the lung is that surface that lies adjacent to the ribs and cartilages
Costal surface
surface of the lungs that is the part in contact with the diaphragm
Diaphragmatic surface
surface of the lungs in contact with the mediastinum
Mediastinal surface
are narrow grooves or slits that divide the lung into lobes
Fissures
can be traced around the chest wall from the 5th thoracic vertebrae behind, obliquely downwards, and forward to the anterior end of the 6th rib
Oblique fissures
begins at the axillary border of the right lung
Horizontal fissure
are the structural units of the lungs, each with its segmental bronchus, segmental artery and vein
Pulmonary segments
a cup-shaped microscopic structures that with many other similar structures form the wall of an alveolar or air sac
Alveolus
a small tub or cavity
alveolus
Functional unit of the lung
alveolus
is the expanded saclike cavity opening from a small division (alveolar duct) of a respiratory bronchiole
Alveolar sac or air sac
includes a respiratory bronchiole, its alveolar ducts, their alveolar sacs and alveoli, and the blood vessels of this unit
Lobules of the lungs
Each ___ is a small division of a pulmonary segment
lobule
forms the lining membrane of the chest and the covering of each lung
Pleura
It is a serous membrane similar to the pericardium and peritoneum, and secretes a thin watery fluid
Pleura
covers each lung except at the root
Visceral pleura (NA. pulmonary pleura)
lines the chest cavity on each side
Parietal pleura
that part of the parietal pleura on the upper surface of the diaphragm
Diaphragmatic pleura
is the parietal pleura that lines the rib cage
Costal pleura
is the parietal pleura on each lateral surface of the mediastinum
Mediastinal pleura
is the space between the lung and the chest wall
Pleural cavity
a narrow space where the inner surface of the lower chest wall and the diaphragm are in contact
Costophrenic sinus or recess (NA. costodiaphragmatic recess)
OT. Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary Trunk
They form capillaries about the alveoli for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
Pulmonary arteries – 1 Rt. and 1 Lt
• They furnish nutrients to the respiratory bronchioles and alveolar sacs
Pulmonary arteries – 1 Rt. and 1 Lt
origin – Rt. ventricle
Pulmonary arteries, rt. and lt. lobar, segmental, smaller branches and lung capillaries
termination in left atrium
Pulmonary veins – 2 rt. and 2 lt. tributaries
1 rt. and 2 lt
Bronchial arteries
Respiration process is repeated about __ times per minute, and is controlled by impulses from the respiratory center in the _____. Carbon dioxide circulating in the blood stimulates this center
18,
hindbrain
the volume of air that can be expelled (breathed out) from the lungs by forced expiration, following the greatest possible inspiration, is _____
Vital Capacity,
3500 to 4800 ml
the volume of air that is breathed in or out during normal quiet inspiration or expiration: ____
Tidal Air,
500 ml
the extra volume of air that can be inspired following a normal inspiration: _____
Inspiratory reserve volume – (complemental),
1500 to 2000 ml
the volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs following a normal expiration: _____
Expiratory reserve volume – (supplemental),
1500 ml
the amount of air that remains in the lungs following a forced expiration, that cannot be expelled is _____
Residual Volume,
1200 to 1500 ml
Functions of the Respiratory System
- To supply oxygen to the blood
- To get rid of accumulated carbon dioxide
- To get rid of some moisture (water)
- To get rid of some waste products
middle partition
Mediastinum
Is a vertical partition located in the median plane of the chest and separating the lungs from each other
Mediastinum
Right Lung Upper Lobe
- Apical (1)
- Posterior (2)
- Anterior (3)
Left Lung Upper Lobe
- Apical posterior (1&2)
- Anterior (3)
- Superior lingual (4)
- Inferior lingual (5)
Right Lung Middle Lobe
- Lateral (4)
- Medial (5)
Right Lung Lower Lobe
- Superior (6)
- Medial basal (7)
- Anterior basal (8)
- Lateral basal (9)
- Posterior basal (10)
Left Lung Lower Lobe
- Superior (6)
- Medial basal (7)
- Anterior basal (8)
- Lateral basal (9)
- Posterior basal (10)
is divided into superior part, and inferior part. The inferior part is further divided into anterior, middle, and posterior parts
mediastinum
no lung, lungs has not formed
Agenesis (aplasia is similar)
production
genesis
underdevelopment
Hypoplasia
hollow cavities filled with fluid
Cysts
the main or other bronchus or trachea communicates with the esophagus
Broncheoesophageal fistula
collapse of the whole or part of a lung from obstruction of a bronchus
Atelectasis
the dilatation of the bronchus
Bronchiectasis
inflammation of the bronchus
Bronchitis
inflammation of trachea and bronchi
Tracheobronchitis
inflammation of the larynx
Laryngitis
inflammation of the lung
Pneumonitis
inflammation of part of a lobe or segment
Bronchopneumonia
inflammation of one or more lobes by a specific microorganism
Lobar pneumonia
inflammation due to virus
Virus – pneumonia
inflammation of the pleura
Pleurisy
fluid in the pleural cavity
Pleural effusion
pus in the pleural cavity
Empyema
blood in the pleural cavity
Hemothorax
fluid walled off in a part of the pleural cavity
Encapsulated empyema or effusion
an opening is made into the trachea in the neck anteriorly so the air may pass into the lungs
Tracheotomy
one of the pulmonary lobes is removed
Lobectomy
an entire lung is removed
Pneumonectomy
a lung segment is removed
Segmental resection
the ribs are cut through in several places and flattened in order to cause collapse of a lung
Thoracoplasty
insertion of a hollow needle through the chest wall into the pleural cavity to remove air or fluid
Thoracocentesis
