11. The Nervous System Flashcards by Dana Athena Augusto

Cranial Nerves pairs

12 pairs

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Spinal Nerves pairs

31 pairs
o	Cervical Nerves – 8 pairs
o	Thoracic Nerves – 12 pairs
o	Lumbar Nerves - 5 pairs
o	Sacral Nerves – 5 pairs
o	Coccygeal Nerves – 1 pair

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is a nerve cell that conducts impulses towards or into the spinal cord, or up the spinal cord to the brain

Sensory neuron – or an afferent neuron

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is a nerve cell that carries impulses from the brain down to the spinal cord, or from the cord to muscles or secreting glands, or directly from the brain to muscle or to a gland

Motor neuron – or an efferent neuron

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is the point of contact of the axon of one nerve with the Dendron of another neuron

Synapse

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is a structure at the free end of an axon or Dendron designed to pass on or pick up impulses or sensations

Endorgan

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is an endorgan at the outer end of a Dendron of a sensory neuron that picks up sensations

Receptor

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is an endorgan at the distal end of an axon of a motor neuron. It may be a plate on a muscle fiber carrying impulses for contraction, or minute delicate branching fibers about the secreting cells of gland that stimulate secretion

Effector

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is a group of nerve cell bodies of the spinal cord or brain

Ganglion

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is a group of cell bodies within the brain and spinal cord

Nucleus

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is a group of nerve cell bodies concerned with some specific function

Center

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consists of nerve, fibers, axons and dendrites

White matter

and are white in color

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is made up of the nerve cell bodies and some processes.

Gray matter

It appears darker than the white matter

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is a network of cell processes

Plexus

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are large columns of nerve fibers that pass up and down the spinal cord or brain

Funiculi

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are bundles of nerve fibers, and parts of funiculi in close contact with each other that pass up or down the spinal cord

Tracts

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is that property of nerves that renders them responsive to stimuli such as heat, cold, etc.

Irritability

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is the ability to convey impulses, generated by stimuli, along the neurons. The impulse is carried in one direction – from dendrites to cell body – to axon – to synapse

Conductivity

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function in communication and control

Nervous System

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The 2 divisions of the nervous system

Central nervous system and Peripheral nervous system

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The brain is further divided into the:

forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain

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consists of the cerebrum and diencephalon or interbrain, or in between brain

Forebrain

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includes two cerebral peduncles, and four small bodies, the corpora quadrigemina or colliculi

Midbrain

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has a pons, medulla oblongata and cerebellum

Hindbrain

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It occupies the entire cerebral cranium

brain

The ventricles of the brain are four cavities that lie within it:

the right lateral ventricle, and the left lateral ventricle, the third ventricle, and the fourth ventricle

are networks of veins in the wall of each ventricle. Special cells in these areas secrete the CSF into the ventricles

Choroid Plexuses

about 40 to 45 cm (16 to 18 inches) in length lies within the vertebral canal, which is formed by the vertebral foramina of the vertebrae and the ligaments between their arches

spinal cord

Four large bundles (funiculi)

spinal cord

are the coverings of the brain and spinal cord

meninges

a small cavity – a belly

ventriculus

spinal marrow

medulla spinalis

They have their centers in midbrain, pons, and medulla

Cranial Nerves

31 pairs connected to the spinal cord

Spinal Nerves

There are 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal, right and left

Spinal Nerves

Plexus of nerves

- Cervical Plexus - Brachial Plexus - Thoracic Nerves - Lumbar Plexus - Sacral Plexus

self + nomos = a law –a law unto itself or self-regulating

(G) autos

is classified as a part of the peripheral nervous system

autonomic nervous system

Its controlling centers however lie within the central nervous system, in the midbrain, pons, medulla and spinal cord

autonomic nervous system

restricts it to motor or efferent nerves

autonomic

autonomic nervous system

* Contraction and dilation of all organs with visceral (involuntary) muscles in their walls * The rate of the heart beat * The activity of many secreting exocrine glands

autonomic nervous system 2 divisions

* Sympathetic nervous system | * Parasympathetic nervous system

is the system that is active in emergencies

Sympathetic part

The heart rate is increased, the BP becomes elevated, the bronchi dilated, and the digestive processes become arrested, etc.

Sympathetic part

is concerned with the normal body functions, usually with reactions opposite to those of the sympathetic part

Parasympathetic part

The heart is slowed, blood vessels dilate, blood pressure falls, and the digestive processes and glandular secretions are stimulated

Parasympathetic part

In Sympathetic, pupil

dilates

In Sympathetic, bronchi

dilates

In Sympathetic, heart

speeds up

In Sympathetic, stomach, intestine, GB and bile ducts

decrease peristalsis and contraction

In Sympathetic, sweat

sweating

In Sympathetic, salivary

decreases secretions

In Sympathetic, gastric

decreases secretions

In Sympathetic, intestinal arteries of skin and viscera

constricts

In Parasympathetic, pupil

constricts

In Parasympathetic, bronchi

constricts

In Parasympathetic, heart

slows down

In Parasympathetic, stomach, intestine, GB and Bile ducts

increases

In Parasympathetic, sweat

nil

In Parasympathetic, salivary

increases secretions

In Parasympathetic, gastric

increases secretions

In Parasympathetic, intestinal arteries of skin and viscera

no effect

Protection of the Brain and Spinal Cord

- Skull - Vertebral Column - Meninges and CSF

absence of a brain

Anencephalus

a small head

Microcephalus

a large head due to a block in the apertures in the roof of the fourth ventricle resulting in the accumulation of CSF in the ventricles

Hydrocephalus

a swelling in the midline of the subject’s back due to a hernia of the spinal cord and meninges through a defect in a vertebral arch

Meningocele

an inflammation of the brain

Encephalitis

an inflammation of the meninges, the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord

Meningitis

infantile paralysis –an inflammation of the motor cell bodies in some part of the spinal cord, caused by a virus

Poliomyelitis

is a test that shows images of your heart

Ventriculogram

any of various techniques for recording the structure or electrical activity of the brain

Encephalography

is used to look at the blood vessels of the brain, head, or neck

Cerebral Arteriography

is a diagnostic imaging test generally done by a radiologist. It uses a contrast dye and X-rays or computed tomography (CT) to look for problems in the spinal canal

Myelography