67. brain edema, hydrocephalus, congenital malformations of the CNS Flashcards
67-1. pathology of raised intracranial pressure
types of disorder related to raised intracranial pressure (3)
cerebral edema
herniation
hydrocephalus
67-1. pathology of raised intracranial pressure
definition of cerebral edema
accumulation of excess fluid within brain parenchyma
67-1. pathology of raised intracranial pressure
pathomechanism of cerebral edema (2)
vasogenic edema : disruption of BBB (increased vascular permeability)
cytotoxic edema : secondary to neuronal, glial, endothelial cell membrane injury
67-1. pathology of raised intracranial pressure
morphology of cerebral edema (3)
flattened gyri
narrowed sulci
compressed ventricular cavity
67-1. pathology of raised intracranial pressure
types of brain herniation (3)
subfalcine herniation
transtentorial herniation
tonsilar herniation
67-1. pathology of raised intracranial pressure
morphology of subfalcine herniation
displace of cingulate gyrus under edge of falx cerebri
67-1. pathology of raised intracranial pressure
consequence of subfalcine herniation
compress anterior cerebral artery, cause ischemia of anterior cerebrum
67-1. pathology of raised intracranial pressure
morphology of transtentorial herniation
medial aspect of temporal lobe is compressed against the free margin of tentorium cerebelli
67-1. pathology of raised intracranial pressure
consequence of transtentorial herniation (2)
compromised CN3, cause pupil dilation
compressed posterior cerebral artery, cause ischemia of primary visual cortex
67-1. pathology of raised intracranial pressure
morphology of tonsilar herniation
displacement of cerebellar tonsil through foramen magnum
67-1. pathology of raised intracranial pressure
consequence of tonsillar herniation
brainstem compression, compromises vital resporatory and cardiac center in medulla
67-1. pathology of raised intracranial pressure
definition of hydrocephalus
increased CSF volume in ventricular system
67-1. pathology of raised intracranial pressure
types of hydrocephalus (3)
communicating
non communicating
hydrocephalus ex vacuo
67-1. pathology of raised intracranial pressure
cause of communicating hydrocephalus
decreased CSF reabsorption by arachnoid granulations
due to meningitis
67-1. pathology of raised intracranial pressure
morphology of communicating hydrocephalus
whole ventricular system will dilate
67-1. pathology of raised intracranial pressure
cause of non communicating hydrocephalus
due to obstruction in the CSF flow
67-1. pathology of raised intracranial pressure
morphology of non communicating hydrocephalus
dilation of part of ventricle
67-1. pathology of raised intracranial pressure
cause of hydrocephalus ex vacuo
atrophy of brain due to infarct or degenerative disease
67-1. pathology of raised intracranial pressure
morphology of hydrocephalus ex vacuo
dilation of ventricular system with compensatory increased CSF volume
67-1. pathology of raised intracranial pressure
symptoms of hydrocephalus (2)
adult : expansion of ventricle
child : enlargement of head
67-2. congenital malformations of CNS
subtypes of neural tube defect (5)
anencephaly (ant. closure defect) encephalocele (ant. closure defect) meningocele (post. closure defect) myelomeningocele (post. closure defect) spina bifida (post. closure defect)
67-2. congenital malformations of CNS
morphology of anencephaly
absence of skull and brain
67-2. congenital malformations of CNS
morphology of encephalocele
diverticulum of malformed CNS tissue
67-2. congenital malformations of CNS
morphology of spina bifida
asymptomatic bony defect, failure of posterior vertebral arch to closure
67-2. congenital malformations of CNS
morphology of meningocele
protrusion of meninges, contain spinal fluid
67-2. congenital malformations of CNS
morphology of myelomeningocele
protrusion of meninges and spinal cord
67-2. congenital malformations of CNS
subtypes of posterior fossa malformations (3)
chiari 1 malformation
arnold chiari malformation
dandy walker malformation
67-2. congenital malformations of CNS
morphology of chiari 1 malformation
cerebellar tonsil extend through foramen magnum
67-2. congenital malformations of CNS
morphology of arnold chiari malformation
downward displacement of cerebellar vermis and tonsils through foramen magnum
67-2. congenital malformations of CNS
morphology of dandy walker malformation
failure of the cerebellar vermis to develop
67-2. congenital malformations of CNS
subtypes of forebrain malformations (4)
megalencephaly and microencephaly
lessencephaly and pachygyria
polymicrogyria
holoprosencephaly
67-2. congenital malformations of CNS
cause of megalencephaly and microencephlay (3)
chromosome abnormalities
fetal alcohol syndrome
HIV-1 infection in utero
67-2. congenital malformations of CNS
morphology of lissencephaly and pachygtria (2)
smooth surfaced brain
abnormally thickened cortex
67-2. congenital malformations of CNS
morphology of polymicrogyria
increased number of irregularly formed gyri
67-2. congenital malformations of CNS
morphology of holoprosencephaly
disruption of normal midline patterning
67-2. congenital malformations of CNS
subtypes of spinal cord amlformations (2)
hydromyelia
syringomyelia
67-2. congenital malformations of CNS
morphology of hydromyelia
dilation of ependyma lined central canal of spinal cord
67-2. congenital malformations of CNS
morphology of syringomyelia
formation of fluid filled cleft like cavity in the inner portion of the cord
67-2. congenital malformations of CNS
clinical symptoms of syringomyelia
sensory loss of pain and temperature
