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pathology finish > 67. brain edema, hydrocephalus, congenital malformations of the CNS > Flashcards

67. brain edema, hydrocephalus, congenital malformations of the CNS Flashcards

1
Q

67-1. pathology of raised intracranial pressure

types of disorder related to raised intracranial pressure (3)

A

cerebral edema
herniation
hydrocephalus

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2
Q

67-1. pathology of raised intracranial pressure

definition of cerebral edema

A

accumulation of excess fluid within brain parenchyma

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3
Q

67-1. pathology of raised intracranial pressure

pathomechanism of cerebral edema (2)

A

vasogenic edema : disruption of BBB (increased vascular permeability)
cytotoxic edema : secondary to neuronal, glial, endothelial cell membrane injury

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4
Q

67-1. pathology of raised intracranial pressure

morphology of cerebral edema (3)

A

flattened gyri
narrowed sulci
compressed ventricular cavity

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5
Q

67-1. pathology of raised intracranial pressure

types of brain herniation (3)

A

subfalcine herniation
transtentorial herniation
tonsilar herniation

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6
Q

67-1. pathology of raised intracranial pressure

morphology of subfalcine herniation

A

displace of cingulate gyrus under edge of falx cerebri

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7
Q

67-1. pathology of raised intracranial pressure

consequence of subfalcine herniation

A

compress anterior cerebral artery, cause ischemia of anterior cerebrum

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8
Q

67-1. pathology of raised intracranial pressure

morphology of transtentorial herniation

A

medial aspect of temporal lobe is compressed against the free margin of tentorium cerebelli

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9
Q

67-1. pathology of raised intracranial pressure

consequence of transtentorial herniation (2)

A

compromised CN3, cause pupil dilation

compressed posterior cerebral artery, cause ischemia of primary visual cortex

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10
Q

67-1. pathology of raised intracranial pressure

morphology of tonsilar herniation

A

displacement of cerebellar tonsil through foramen magnum

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11
Q

67-1. pathology of raised intracranial pressure

consequence of tonsillar herniation

A

brainstem compression, compromises vital resporatory and cardiac center in medulla

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12
Q

67-1. pathology of raised intracranial pressure

definition of hydrocephalus

A

increased CSF volume in ventricular system

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13
Q

67-1. pathology of raised intracranial pressure

types of hydrocephalus (3)

A

communicating
non communicating
hydrocephalus ex vacuo

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14
Q

67-1. pathology of raised intracranial pressure

cause of communicating hydrocephalus

A

decreased CSF reabsorption by arachnoid granulations

due to meningitis

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15
Q

67-1. pathology of raised intracranial pressure

morphology of communicating hydrocephalus

A

whole ventricular system will dilate

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16
Q

67-1. pathology of raised intracranial pressure

cause of non communicating hydrocephalus

A

due to obstruction in the CSF flow

17
Q

67-1. pathology of raised intracranial pressure

morphology of non communicating hydrocephalus

A

dilation of part of ventricle

18
Q

67-1. pathology of raised intracranial pressure

cause of hydrocephalus ex vacuo

A

atrophy of brain due to infarct or degenerative disease

19
Q

67-1. pathology of raised intracranial pressure

morphology of hydrocephalus ex vacuo

A

dilation of ventricular system with compensatory increased CSF volume

20
Q

67-1. pathology of raised intracranial pressure

symptoms of hydrocephalus (2)

A

adult : expansion of ventricle

child : enlargement of head

21
Q

67-2. congenital malformations of CNS

subtypes of neural tube defect (5)

A 
anencephaly (ant. closure defect)
encephalocele (ant. closure defect)
meningocele (post. closure defect)
myelomeningocele (post. closure defect)
spina bifida (post. closure defect)
22
Q

67-2. congenital malformations of CNS

morphology of anencephaly

A

absence of skull and brain

23
Q

67-2. congenital malformations of CNS

morphology of encephalocele

A

diverticulum of malformed CNS tissue

24
Q

67-2. congenital malformations of CNS

morphology of spina bifida

A

asymptomatic bony defect, failure of posterior vertebral arch to closure

25
Q

67-2. congenital malformations of CNS

morphology of meningocele

A

protrusion of meninges, contain spinal fluid

26
Q

67-2. congenital malformations of CNS

morphology of myelomeningocele

A

protrusion of meninges and spinal cord

27
Q

67-2. congenital malformations of CNS

subtypes of posterior fossa malformations (3)

A

chiari 1 malformation
arnold chiari malformation
dandy walker malformation

28
Q

67-2. congenital malformations of CNS

morphology of chiari 1 malformation

A

cerebellar tonsil extend through foramen magnum

29
Q

67-2. congenital malformations of CNS

morphology of arnold chiari malformation

A

downward displacement of cerebellar vermis and tonsils through foramen magnum

30
Q

67-2. congenital malformations of CNS

morphology of dandy walker malformation

A

failure of the cerebellar vermis to develop

31
Q

67-2. congenital malformations of CNS

subtypes of forebrain malformations (4)

A

megalencephaly and microencephaly
lessencephaly and pachygyria
polymicrogyria
holoprosencephaly

32
Q

67-2. congenital malformations of CNS

cause of megalencephaly and microencephlay (3)

A

chromosome abnormalities
fetal alcohol syndrome
HIV-1 infection in utero

33
Q

67-2. congenital malformations of CNS

morphology of lissencephaly and pachygtria (2)

A

smooth surfaced brain

abnormally thickened cortex

34
Q

67-2. congenital malformations of CNS

morphology of polymicrogyria

A

increased number of irregularly formed gyri

35
Q

67-2. congenital malformations of CNS

morphology of holoprosencephaly

A

disruption of normal midline patterning

36
Q

67-2. congenital malformations of CNS

subtypes of spinal cord amlformations (2)

A

hydromyelia

syringomyelia

37
Q

67-2. congenital malformations of CNS

morphology of hydromyelia

A

dilation of ependyma lined central canal of spinal cord

38
Q

67-2. congenital malformations of CNS

morphology of syringomyelia

A

formation of fluid filled cleft like cavity in the inner portion of the cord

39
Q

67-2. congenital malformations of CNS

clinical symptoms of syringomyelia

A

sensory loss of pain and temperature

pathology finish (30 decks)

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