56. Special organic and histological alterations in diabetes mellitus

Question 1

56-1. diabetes mellitus

etiology of type 1 DM

Answer 1

autoimmune destruction of beta cell mediated by T cell

mutation of HLA-DR3, 4

Question 2

56-1. diabetes mellitus

clinical manifestation of T1DM

Answer 2

polyuria
polydipsia
polyphagia
glycosuria

Question 3

56-1. diabetes mellitus

etiology of T2DM

Answer 3

obesity

familial history

Question 4

56-1. diabetes mellitus

pathomechanism of T2DM

Answer 4

increased insulin secretion due to excess blood glucose
insulin resistance of end organs
increased insulin secretion by beta cell
beta cell exhaustion
stopped insulin secretion
cause hyperglycemia

Question 5

56-1. diabetes mellitus

reason of organ damage by T2DM (2)

Answer 5

non-enzymatic glycosylaton (NEG)

osmotic activity of glucose (glucose converted to sorbitol)

Question 6

56-1. diabetes mellitus

pathomechanism of NEG

Answer 6

non metabolized glucose directly attached to protein by vascular basement membrane

Question 7

56-2 diabetic nephropathy

affected organ by non-enzymatic glycosylation (4)

Answer 7

cardiovascular system
diabetc foot
renal complication
peripheral nerves

Question 8

56-2 diabetic nephropathy

cardiovascular complication of T2DM (2)

Answer 8

atherosclerosis
peripheral artery disease
acute MI
valvular calcification

Question 9

56-2 diabetic nephropathy

renal complications of T2DM (5)

Answer 9

hyaline arteriolosclerosis
diffuse mesangial glomerulosclerosis
nodular glomerulosclerosis (kimmelstiel wilson nodule)
pyelonephritis
nephrotic syndrome (MCD, FSGS, membranous / diabetic nephropathy)

Question 10

56-2 diabetic nephropathy

eye disorder related to T2DM

Answer 10

diabetic nephropathy (microangiopathy, fibrosis, microhemorrhage, proliferative)
cataract
glaucoma