6- Building Construction- Foundations Flashcards
A soil assessment will often be taken to observe and measure the soil’s qualities and other important factors including the ___ ____ and ____ ____.
Water Table (the highest level of ground water saturation of subsurface materials)
Frost Line (common depth at which ground water in soil will freeze)
Two strategies used to assess soil are ______ and _______.
Test Pits and Test Borings
Test pits may reach a depth up to __ feet. They permit the strata (layers) of the soil to be observed and measured. Depending on the soil type, the level of the water table may also be determined.
8 ft
___ ____ are used when a test pit may not reach deep enough.
Test Borings
Shallow foundations usually use reinforced concrete _____ to transmit the building’s load to the soil in a limited amount of space.
Footings
____ _____: A type of shallow foundation that includes a wide, thick area to distribute the weight of a wall on the bearing soil. A continuous strip of concrete that supports a wall. It equals the full length of the wall, and is wider and deeper at the base to distribute the load.
Wall Footing
____ _____: A square pad of concrete that supports a column; often reinforced, and limited to a relatively small load.
Column Footings
____ _____: Parallel structural beams (often steel), arranged in multiple layers at right angles to each other, and usually encased in concrete.
Grillage Footings
___ ____ Foundation: A thick slab beneath the entire area of a building. It may be several feet thick and heavily reinforced.
Mat Slab
______ Foundations: The weight of the soil removed is equal to the weight of the building. Used in an effort to minimize the building’s settling.
Floating
Deep foundations take the form of ___ or ____ that penetrate the layers of soil directly under a building to reach soil or rock that can support the weight of the building.
Piles ; Piers
____ are driven into the ground and support a load by transferring the load either through friction with the surrounding soil, or through contact with rock or other stable soil layer.
Piles
Construction of ____ begins with drilling or digging a shaft, and then filling it with concrete. Then the post is attached to the top of it.
Piers
(Post-and-pier foundations)
When a pier is designed with a footing, it is known as a _____ pier.
Belled
Concrete and Masonry (brick or concrete block) secured with _____ are the materials most commonly used for foundation walls.
Mortar
