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Lieutenant 2022 > 4- HazMat- Identify Potential Hazards > Flashcards

4- HazMat- Identify Potential Hazards Flashcards

1
Q

Be cautious and alert to vapors from liquids as they may be:

*5 answers

A

-Contact Hazards
-Corrosive
-Inhalation Hazards
-Toxic
-Flammable

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2
Q

______ is the unit of measure typically used to express particle size (as with solids).

A

Micrometer (aka “micron”)

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3
Q

Solids such as dry ice may _____, which is when they transition directly from a solid to a gas. These types of materials present the same hazards and concerns as liquids that emit vapors.

A

Sublimate

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4
Q

A first responder may be unable to distinguish between these types of CONTAMINANTS at an incident scene:

*7 answers

A

-Dust (solid particle that is formed or generated from solid organic or inorganic by reducing its size through mechanical processes like crushing, grinding, drilling, abrading, or blasting)
-Fume (suspension of particles that form when material from a volatized- vapor state- solid condenses in cool air)
-Mist (finely divided liquid suspended in the air)
-Aerosol (form of pressurized mist)
-Fiber (solid particle whose length is several times greater than its diameter)
-Vapor (gaseous form of a material that is normally in a solid or liquid state at room temp and pressure)
-Fog (visible aerosol of a liquid formed by condensation)

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5
Q

There are SIX different processes involved in physical change:

A

-Melting (solid to liquid)
-Freezing (liquid to solid)
-Vaporization (liquid to gas)
-Condensation (vapor/gas to liquid)
-Sublimation (solid to gas)
-Deposition (vapor/gas to solid)

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6
Q

Pressure is the force per unit of area applied perpendicular to a surface. _____ pressure is the baseline measurement for pressure.

A

Atmospheric

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7
Q

____ ____ is the pressure exerted by a saturated vapor above its own liquid in a CLOSED container. It can be viewed as the measure of the tendency of a substance to vaporize.

A

Vapor Pressure

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8
Q

Materials with a vapor pressure over ___ mmHg will be gases under normal conditions*.

based on standard temp of 68F and 1 atmosphere

A

760mmHg

*while a material with a vapor pressure under 760mmHg may technically be a liquid or solid when released from its container, a material with a vapor pressure near this number will evaporate rapidly

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9
Q

The HIGHER the temperature of a substance, the ____ its vapor pressure will be.

A

HIGHER

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10
Q

The LOWER the boiling point of a material, the _____ its vapor pressure will be.

A

HIGHER

(the lower the boiling point, the less heat it requires to change from liquid to gas)

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11
Q

A ____ can occur when a liquid within a container is heated, causing the material inside to boil or vaporize. If the resulting increase in internal vapor pressure exceeds the vessel’s ability to relieve the excess pressure, the container can fail catastrophically.

A

BLEVE

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12
Q

BLEVE stands for:

A

Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion

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13
Q

____ ____ is the ratio of the density of a material to the density of a standard material (usually an equal volume of water) at standard conditions of pressure and temperature.

A

Specific Gravity

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14
Q

Materials with specific gravities less than one will ___ in water.

Materials with specific gravities more than one will ____ in water.

A

Less than 1 = float

More than 1 = sink

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15
Q

Most (but not all) flammable liquids have specific gravities of:

A

Less than one

(and will float on water; will impact firefighting strategies)

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16
Q

Molecular weight (mw) is used to determine VAPOR DENSITY. Air has a molecular weight (mw) of 29g/mol. Vapor density is the molecular weight (mw) of a given material divided by the weight of air.

Materials with a mw less than 29 will be ___ than air and materials with a mw more than 29 will be ____ than air.

A

Less than 29 = lighter than air
More than 29 = heavier than air

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17
Q

____ ____ is the weight of a given volume of pure vapor or gas compared to the weight of an equal volume of dry air at the same temperature and pressure.

A

Vapor Density

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18
Q

Vapor density varies with the temperature of the vapor or gas.

HOT vapors will ____ but they will ____ when they cool.

COLD vapors will ____ but will ____ as they warm.

A

Hot vapors will rise but they will sink once they have cooled.

Cold vapors will stay low but will rise as they warm.

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19
Q

Persistence is related to ____ and ____.

A

VAPOR PRESSURE and BOILING POINT

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20
Q

_____ is the process of injecting an odorant into a combustible gas so that it is detectable by smell.

The smell of natural gas, based on an additive named ______, is similar to that of rotten eggs or sewage.

A

Odorization

Mercaptan

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21
Q

____ ____ is the concentration (in air) at which the “average person” can smell a particular compoud.

A

Odor Threshold

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22
Q

_____ in water expressed the percentage of a material (by weight) that will dissolve in a quantity of water at ambient temperature.

A

Solubility

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23
Q

Irritant agents that are water soluble usually cause _____ (early/delayed) ______ (location) respiratory tract irritation. Partially water soluble chemicals will cause _____ (early/delayed) _____ (location) respiratory tract irritation.

A

Water soluble = early, upper
Partially water soluble = delayed, lower

24
Q

Corrosives are commonly divided into two broad categories: Acids and Bases. Bases are sometimes called _____ or _____.

A

Alkalis or Caustics

25
Q

ACIDS have pH values of __-__. They may cause severe chemical burns to flesh and permanent eye damage. Contact with them typically causes immediate pain.

A

0-6.9

26
Q

BASES have pH values of __-__. They break down fatty skin tissues and can penetrate deeply into the body. Bases adhere to tissues in the eye and usually cause more damage because they’re difficult to remove. Contact with them does not normally cause immediate pain.

A

7.1-14

27
Q

A common sign of exposure to bases is ___ or ___ feeling skin, which is caused by ______ (the breakdown of fatty tissues).

A

Greasy or Slick feeling skin

Saponification (breakdown of fatty tissues)

28
Q

A material’s ___ point is usually only a few degrees (10-30*F) higher than its ____ point.

A

Fire point is higher than flash point

Flash point= gives off enough vapors to flash with an ignition source, but not sustain combustion

Fire point= gives off enough vapors to sustain continuous burning when introduced to ignition source

29
Q

The terms “autoignition temperature” and “_______” are often used synonymously; they are always the same.

A

Ignition Temperature

“autoignition point” can also be used

30
Q

The Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) or Lower Flammable Limit (LFL) of a vapor or gas is the lowest concentration that will burn when an ignition source is present. At concentrations LOWER than the LEL, the mixture is too ____ to burn.

The Upper Explosive Limit (UEL) or Upper Flammable Limit (UFL) of a vapor or gas is the highest concentration that will burn when an ignition source is present. At concentrations HIGHER than the UEL, the mixture is too ____ to burn.

A

Lower than LEL= too LEAN to burn

Higher than UEL= too RICH to burn

*between the UEL and LEL, the gas or vapor will burn RAPIDLY if ignited.

31
Q

The LEAST energetic form of radiation is ______, such as visible light, microwaves, and radio waves.

A

Nonionizing

32
Q

Ionizing Radiation is divided into FOUR types. All types are caused by unstable atoms, which have either an excess of energy or mass (or both). In order to reach a stable state, they must release that extra energy or mass in the form of radiation.

The four types of ionizing radiation are:

A

Alpha, Beth, Gamma, Neutron

33
Q

____ Particles: Energetic, positively charged particles that rapidly lose energy when passing through matter. Do not travel far in open air. Do not penetrate the body deeply- they are usually blocked by the outer, dead layer of skin. Not a hazard outside the body. HOWEVER, they can be very harmful if the material emitting the particles is ingested or inhaled.

A

Alpha

*can be stopped completely by a sheet of paper

34
Q

____ Particles: Fast-moving, positively charged positron or negatively charged electrons that are emitted from an atom’s nucleus during radioactive decay. Can penetrate further than alpha particles but cause less damage over equally traveled distances. Capable of penetrating skin and causing radiation damage, but are more hazardous when ingested or inhaled. Travels farther than alpha radiation.

A

Beta

*can be stopped or reduced by a single layer of clothing, a thin sheet of metal, or thick Plexiglass.

35
Q

____ rays are high-energy photons. They often accompany the emission of alpha or beta particles from a nucleus. They have neither a charge nor a mass but ARE penetrating. They can easily pass through the human body or be absorbed by tissue. It constitutes a WHOLE BODY HAZARD.

A

Gamma

*structural firefighting PPE provides NO PROTECTION against gamma radiation

36
Q

X-RAYS and gamma rays are high-energy electromagnetic radiation commonly referred to as _____. Their machines only produce x-rays while powered on, so the chances of encountering x-rays at hazmat incidents is remote.

A

Photons

37
Q

_____ are particles that have a physical mass but have no electrical charge. They are highly penetrating. Fission reactions produce them, along with gamma radiation.

A

Neutrons

*structural firefighting PPE provides no protection against neutron radiation

38
Q

____ exposures to radiation are usually associated with larger doses and can produce serious health effects.

A

Acute

39
Q

The body is better equipped to handle a ____ dose of radiation, because it then has time to replace dead or nonfunctioning cells with healthy ones.

A

Chronic

40
Q

One basic protection strategy to use when radioactive materials is involved is using ____, _____, and ____.

A

Time, Distance, Shielding (sometimes known as the ALARA principle- As Low As Reasonably Achievable)

Decrease the amount of TIME spent in areas where there is radiation. Know your dose rates to know the safe DISTANCES from the radioactive material. Create a barrier or SHIELD between responders and the radiation source.

41
Q

DOUBLING the distance from a radiation point source DIVIDES the dose rate by a FACTOR OF FOUR. This calculation is known as the:

A

Inverse Square Law

42
Q

The FOUR common toxic chemical hazard categories are:

A

-Asphyxiants (Prevent access to sufficient volumes of oxygen. SIMPLE asphyxiants are gases that displace oxygen. CHEMICAL asphyxiants prohibit the body’s cells from using oxygen.)

-Irritants (Cause temporary, sometimes severe, inflammation to the eyes, skin, or respiratory system. Often attack the body’s mucous membranes.)

-Convulsants (Cause involuntary muscle contractions and can kill if the victim asphyxiates or succumbs to exhaustion while convulsing.)

-Allergens/Sensitizers (Cause an overreaction of the immune system- allergic reactions- in people or animals.)

43
Q

Carbon Monoxide (CO) is a _____ asphyxiant.

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is a _______ asphyxiant.

A

CO= chemical asphyxiant
CO2= simple asphyxiant

44
Q

Types of biological hazards include:

*3 answers

A

-Viruses (simplest types of microorganisms that can only replicate themselves in the living cells of their hosts. They do NOT respond to antibiotics.)
-Bacteria (microscopic, single-celled organisms. They cause disease by invading tissues or producing toxins.)
-Biological Toxins (produced by living organisms; but the biological organism itself is usually not harmful to people.)

45
Q

When biological hazards cause a disease, they are considered ______ hazards.

A

Etiological

46
Q

_____ diseases are caused by the reproduction and spread of microorganisms (pathogens) in the body.

A

Infectious

47
Q

The __________(GEBMO) describes the general pattern of how a hazardous material and its container are likely to behave in any given situation. The model assumes that hazardous materials have the same THREE common elements:

A

General Emergency Behavior Model

-Material
-Container
-Exposure

48
Q

Given the three elements of the GEBMO (material, container, exposure), a common sequence usually occurs, involving:

*6 answers

A

-Stress
-Breach
-Release
-Dispersion/engulfment
-Exposure/contact
-Harm

49
Q

Container STRESS is caused by 3 types of energy:

A

-Thermal
-Chemical
-Mechanical

50
Q

Types of BREACHES include:

*5 answers

A

-Disintegration
-Runaway Cracking
-Attachments (closures) Open or Break
-Puncture
-Split or Tear

51
Q

RELEASES are classified according to how fast they occur. Some types of releases are:

*4 answers

A

-Detonation (instantaneous and explosive release)
-Violent Rupture (immediate release; caused by runaway cracks; BLEVE)
-Rapid Relief (fast release through properly operating safety devices)
-Spill/Leak (slow release through holes, rips, tears, or usual openings)

52
Q

Common DISPERSION patterns include the following FOUR types:

A

-HEMISPHERIC (semicircle or dome shaped pattern of airborne hazmat that is still partially in contact with the ground or water. Generally results from rapid release of energy.)
-CLOUD (ball shaped pattern of airborne hazmat that collectively rises above the ground or water. Gases, vapors, and finely divided solids that release quickly in “puff release” can disperse in a cloud under normal wind conditions. Terrain/wind can transform a cloud into a plume.)
-PLUME (irregularly shaped patter of an airborne hazmat where wind and/or topography influences the downrange course from the point of release.)
-CONE (triangular shaped pattern of a hazmat release with a point source at the breach and a wide base downrange.)

53
Q

Aside from the airborne dispersion patterns such as Hemispheric, Cloud, Plume, and Cone; other dispersion patterns (liquids and other) include the following THREE:

A

-STREAM (surface-following pattern of a liquid hazmat that is affected by gravity and topography)
-POOL (three dimensional- including depth- slow flowing liquid dispersion)
-IRREGULAR (irregular or indiscriminate deposit of a hazmat, such as that carried by contaminated respoders)

54
Q

Consider the following EXPOSURES in hazard and risk assessment:

*3 answers

A

-People (includes first responders and others in the path of a hazardous material)
-Environment (includes the air, water, ground, and life forms other than humans)
-Property (includes things threatened directly by the hazardous material or the energy liberated at the time of release)

55
Q

Contacts (impingements) are associated with the following general timeframes:

*4 answers

A

-Immediate: Milliseconds, seconds (deflagration, explosion or detonation)
-Short Term: Minutes, hours (gas or vapor cloud)
-Medium Term: Days, weeks, months (lingering pesticide)
-Long Term: Years, generations (permanent radioactive source i.e. Chernobyl)

56
Q

There are FOUR emergency response communication services listed in the ERG for the United States: INFOTRAC, CHEMTEL Inc, CHEMTREC, VERISK 3E. Which is the most commonly used?

A

CHEMTREC

Lieutenant 2022 (49 decks)

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