2- HazMat- Recognize and Identify the Presence of Hazmat Flashcards
____ often equates to safety when hazmat is involved.
Distance
The order of the following clues to the presence of hazardous materials generally represents an increasing level of risk:
*7 steps, progressively more risky..
- Locations, occupancy types and preincident surveys
- Basic container info
- Transportation placards, markings and labels
- Nontransportation hazmat markings and labels
- Hazard information reference sources
- Sensory clues- including victim signs/symptoms
- Monitoring and detection devices
The most common kind of hazmat incident involves:
Hydrocarbons (better known as gasoline, diesel fuel, oil, and natural gas in liquid and gas forms)
*Hydrocarbons account for 75% of all hazardous materials transported throughout North America
Each transportation mode has particular locations where accidents may occur more frequently. What are some common transportation modes?
*5 answers
-Roadways
-Railways
-Waterways
-Airways
-Pipelines
High-profile locations or events like government facilities, financial institutions, schools, hotels, clubs, shopping malls, markets, restaurants, places of worship, parks, tourism infrastructure, public transportation systems and airports, critical infrastructure, and public events… may become potential targets for:
Terrorism
Fentanyl is __-__ times stronger than morphine and a lethal dose is only __mg.
Carfentanil is _____ times stronger than morphine.
Fentanyl= 50-100x stronger than morphine, lethal dose is only 2mg
Carfentinil= 10,000x stronger than morphine
Preincident surveys identify the following items:
*8 answers
-Exposures (people, property, environment)
-Hazmat types, quantities, dangers, locations
-Building features (locations of fixed fire suppression systems)
-Site characteristics
-Possible access/egress difficulties
-Inherent limitations of response organizations when trying to control certain hazmat emergencies
-Phone numbers of responsible parties, on-site experts, and alternates
-Site or occupancy response capability
The initial symptoms of CO2 retention (hypercapnia) are:
As the amount of CO2 increases in the body, skin will become ___, heart rate will ____, and blood pressure will ____.
If left unchecked, CO2 retention can result in unconsciousness, respiratory failure, and death.
Initial symptoms - headache, lightheadedness, confusion
As CO2 increases, skin becomes red (flush or blush), HR increases, BP increases
To meet the criteria for BULK packaging, ONE of the following must be met:
-Max capacity greater than ___ gallons as a receptacle for a liquid
-Max net mass greater than ___ pounds or max capacity greater than ___ gallons as a receptacle for a solid
-Water capacity of ___ pounds or greater as a receptacle for a gas
-Max capacity greater than 119 gallons as a receptacle for a liquid
-Max net mass greater than 882 pounds or max capacity greater than 119 gallons as a receptacle for a solid
-Water capacity of 1,000 pounds or greater as a receptacle for a gas
To meet the criteria for NONBULK packaging (drums, boxes, carboys, bags), ONE of the following must be met:
-Max capacity is ___ gallons or less as a receptacle for a liquid
-Max net mass is ___ pounds or less and a max capacity of ___ gallons or less as a receptacle for a solid
-Water capacity of ___ pounds or less as a receptacle for a gas
-Max capacity is 119 gallons or less as a receptacle for a liquid
-Max net mass is 882 pounds or less and a max capacity of 119 gallons or less as a receptacle for a solid
-Water capacity of 1,000 pounds or less as a receptacle for a gas
Pressure container features include the following:
*5 answers
-ROUNDED, almost spherical ENDS
-BOLTED access points/hatches
-BOLTED protective housings
-PRESSURE RELIEF devices
-PRESSURE GAUGES
A ____ shaped container offers uniform stress distribution and highly efficient pressurized storage for gases kept in liquid form. These shapes can be an indicator that the contents are under HIGH pressure.
Spherical (Ball-like)
When it comes to FIXED storage container types, the potential hazards associated with spherical containers, cylindrical containers with rounded ends, circular containers with flat ends, vertical cylinders with a cone bottom, horizontal cylinders with flat ends, all include the following:
*5 answers
-Toxic
-Corrosive
-Flammable
-Energetic
-Asphyxiant
(Fixed) Cylindrical containers with rounded ends can be an indicator of pressurized contents. They high pressure ____ containers can store many different products.
Horizontal
The (fixed) circular container with flat ends and a LARGER DIAMETER THAN HEIGHT indicates its contents are at ____ to ____ pressure.
Atmospheric to Low Pressure
A (fixed) vertical cylinder with a ___ bottom and elevated with legs, smaller in diameter than height, is not indicative of any specific hazard; it may contain anything!
Cone
Contents of pressure containers will expand quickly if released! Keep your distance ____, ____, and ____!
Upwind, Uphill, and Upstream
The (fixed) horizontal cylinder with flat ends and elevated with legs, indicates atmospheric to low pressure ____ storage.
Liquid
Cylindrical rounded end containers (transport) near railroads and roadways indicate _____ contents.
Potential hazards include:
Pressurized
Hazards include: Toxic, Energetic, Corrosive, Asphyxiant, Flammable
The cylindrical shaped (smaller circular cross-section) truck with visible external ____ ____ may transport items with a variety of hazards, including:
Reinforcing Ribs
Hazards include: Toxic, Energetic, Corrosive, Asphyxiant, Flammable
An oval cross-section with flat or nearly flat ends (transport) indicates _____ containers that contain many types of liquids.
Potential hazards include:
Nonpressurized
Hazards include: Toxic, Energetic, Corrosive, Asphyxiant, Flammable
A ____ shaped cross-section with flat or nearly flat ends (transport) indicates low pressure containers that normally carry liquids.
Potential hazards include:
Horseshoe
Hazards include: Toxic, Energetic, Corrosive, Asphyxiant, Flammable
Containers of cylindrical shape with a box cabinet at the rear of the container (transport) are also known as ____ ____ containers. These containers contain substances which cannot be liquified by pressure application alone.
Thermos Bottle
A cryogen (sometimes called refrigerated liquified gas) is a gas that turns into a liquid AT OR BELOW _____*F at 14.7psi.
At or below -130*F at 14.7psi
Potential hazards associated with cryogenic containers include the following:
Toxic, Energetic, Corrosive, Asphyxiant, Flammable, Thermal (cold)
*Typical list as most containers but has the addition of THERMAL hazards
In general, a product’s hazard class is assigned based on:
Its most dangerous chemical and/or physical properties
Under the United Nations (UN) system, NINE hazard classes are used to categorize hazardous materials:
Class 1- Explosives
Class 2- Gases
Class 3- Flammable Liquids (and combustible liquids)
Class 4- Flammable Solids, substances liable to spontaneous combustion, substances that emit flammable gases on contact with water
Class 5- Oxidizing Substances and organic peroxides
Class 6- Toxic and Infectious Substances
Class 7- Radioactive Materials
Class 8- Corrosive Substances
Class 9- Miscellaneous dangerous substances and articles
A/An _____ is any substance or article with a significant potential energy that may rapidly expand and release upon activation. They are reactive and may release energy in the form of light, gas, and/or heat.
Explosion
There are six division numbers in Class 1 (explosive) hazards:
-Division 1.1 = Mass explosion hazard
-Division 1.2 = Projectile/Fragment hazards
-Division 1.3 = Fire hazard
-Division 1.4 = No significant blast hazard
-Division 1.5 = Very insensitive explosives
-Division 1.6 = Extremely insensitive
Greater Risk ——> Lower Risk as you go
Explosive placards are the ONLY hazard class with ____ ____ ____, which specify the controls for the transportation, separation, and storage of explosives.
Compatibility Group Letters
The primary hazards of explosives are:
*2 answers
Thermal and Mechanical
An explosion’s hazards may manifest in the following conditions:
*4 answers
Blast-Pressure Wave (shock wave)
Shrapnel and Fragmentation
Seismic Effect
Incendiary Thermal Effect
Rapidly released gases can create a shock wave that travels outward from the center. As the wave increases in distance, its ____ decreases. This blast-pressure wave is the PRIMARY reason for injuries and damage. The blast-pressure wave has a positive AND negative phase, BOTH of which can cause damage.
As the wave increases in distance, its STRENGTH decreases.
Blast-Pressure Wave = Shock Wave
When an explosion occurs at or near ground level, the air blast creates a ___ ____ or crater.
Ground shock
____ ____ ____ occurs during an explosion when thermal heat energy forms a fireball.
Incendiary Thermal Effect
Hazard Class __ is comprised of gases (materials that are in a gaseous state at normal temperatures and pressure).
2
There are 3 divisions in Class 2:
-Division 2.1 = Flammable gases
-Division 2.2 = Nonflammable, non-toxic gas
-Division 2.3 = Toxic gases
The potential hazards of Class 2 (gasses) include:
*3 answers
-Energy (flammable or oxidizer)
-Toxicity (including asphyxiation)
-Corrosivity
Other potential hazards in Class 2 (aside from energy, toxicity, and corrosivity) include:
*5 answers
-Heat Hazards (fires, particularly with Div 2.1 and oxidizers)
-Asphyxiation Hazards (leaked or released gases displace oxygen)
-Cold Hazards (exposure to Div 2.2 cryogens)
-Mechanical Hazards (BLEVE for containers exposed to heat or flame)
-Chemical Hazards (particularly with Div 2.3)
Hazard Class __ is comprised of flammable liquids (includes combustible liquids). Flammable liquids ignite and burn with relative ease.
3
The primary hazards of flammable and combustible liquids (Class 3) are chemical energy, corrosivity, and toxicity. Some examples include:
*6 answers
-Thermal Hazards (heat): fires and vapor explosions
-Asphyxiation: Heavier than air vapors displacing oxygen in low-lying or confined spaces
-Chemical Hazards: toxic and/or corrosive gases and vapors (may be produced by fires)
-Mechanical Hazards: BLEVE for containers exposed to heat or flame
-Vapors: Can mix with air and can maintain cohesion long enough to encounter an ignition source at some distance from the origin
-Environmental Hazards (pollution): caused by runoff from fire control
Class 4 materials include 3 main categories:
-Flammable Solids
-Spontaneously Combustible (liquids and solids)
-Dangerous When Wet substances
There are three divisions in Class 4:
-Division 4.1 = Flammable Solids
-Division 4.2 = Spontaneously Combustible Materials
-Division 4.3 = Dangerous When Wet
Class __ materials include oxidizers and organic peroxides.
5
_____ vigorously support combustion, may be explosive, and when combined with fuel, may burn continuously.
Oxidizers
____ ____ are oxidizers with a specific chemical composition that make them prone to reactivity. They are both a fuel and an oxidizer.
Organic Peroxides
Organic peroxides should be stored below the maximum safe storage temperature (MSST). If organic peroxides reach the ________, they undergo a chemical change and may violently release from their packaging.
Self-accelerating decomposition temperature (SADT)
*The time before reaction depends upon how much the SADT is exceeded, which can greatly accelerate the decomposition.
Class 5 has two divisions:
-Division 5.1 = Oxidizers
-Division 5.2 = Organic Peroxides
Class 6 substances include viable microorganisms or toxins that can cause severe, disabling, or fatal disease in humans or animals. There are 2 divisions:
-Division 6.1 = Toxic* substances
-Division 6.2 = Infectious substances
*the word “toxic” may be used interchangeably with the words “poison” or “poisonous”
____ materials are typically shipped in small containers, so there is no placard for them, only a label.
Infectious
The PRIMARY hazards of Class 6 materials are:
*3 answers
-Toxicity
-Inhalation Hazards
-Disease
The SECONDARY hazards of Class 6 materials are:
*4 answers
-Toxic hazards
-Chemical hazards from toxic and/or corrosive products of combustion
-Thermal hazards (heat) from substances transported in molten form
-Thermal hazards (heat) from flammability and fires
Radioactive materials emit radiation and are capable of penetrating and damaging ____ ____. Radioactive materials cannot be detected with the senses, only with specialized monitoring and detection equipment.
Living tissues
There are NO DIVISIONS for Class 7- Radioactive Materials. The primary hazards of radioactive material exposure are:
*4 answers
-Radiation burns
-Illness
-Cancer
-Fire may produce irritating or poisonous gases
When labeling of the radioactive materials package is required, it must be labeled on two opposite sides, with a distinctive warning label. Each of the 3 label categories has the unique trefoil symbol for radiation.
What are the 3 label categories?
RADIOACTIVE WHITE-I
RADIOACTIVE YELLOW-II
RADIOACTIVE YELLOW-III
Class 7 Radioactive I, II, and III labels and a “FISSILE” label must always contain the following information:
*3 answers
-Isotope name
-Radioactive activity in SI units of becquerels (Bq)
-Transportation index (for Yellow II and III packages)
*The Transportation Index (TI) indicates the carrier’s degree of control during transport.
Products in hazard Class 8 are _____ substances. They are either a liquid or solid substance that causes full thickness destruction of human skin at the site of contact within a specific period of time, or a liquid that has a severe ____ rate on steel or aluminum.
Corrosive
Some corrosives can react with metal to form (explosive) ______ gas.
Hydrogen
______ can be toxic, flammable, reactive, and/or explosive and some are oxidizers.
Corrosives
The primary hazards of Class 8 materials are:
*4 answers
-CHEMICAL hazards such as chemical burns and reactivity
-TOXIC hazards due to exposure via all routes of entry into a body
-THERMAL hazards (heat) including fire, caused by chemical reactions generating heat
-MECHANICAL hazards caused by BLEVEs and violent chemical reactions
Examples of Class 9 materials include:
*3 answers
-Lithium batteries
-Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
-Hazardous wastes
Miscellaneous dangerous goods (Class 9) will primarily have ____ and ____ hazards.
Thermal and Chemical
A “DANGEROUS” placard indicates:
A mixed load of hazardous material classes
Mainly applied to highway, rail, and ocean containers, the Dangerous placard may be used for domestic and international transport of hazardous materials. It is used with the following requirements:
*3 answers
-Contains nonbulk packages
-2 or more hazard classes requiring different placards
-Aggregate gross weight of less than 2,205lbs (1000kg)
Placards are diamond shaped and MUST appear on ___ sides of the vehicle transporting them.
Placards are standard size of __ inches on each side.
The color and number of each placard identifies the ____ ____ of the contents.
MUST appear on all 4 sides of vehicle
Standard size of 9.84 inches
Color/number indicate the hazard class
Each hazardous chemical or class of hazardous materials is assigned a four-digit _____, to be displayed on or in association with a placard on transportation vehicles and bulk packaging.
UN/NA identification number
The ____-bordered section in the Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG) provides a key to the four-digit identification numbers.
YELLOW
*doesn’t list them all; doesn’t list any numbers below 1000
When a placarded container vehicle is involved in a MVC, the four steps to hazard recognition include identifying:
- Background color of placard
- Hazard class number at bottom of placard
- UN/NA identification number
- Pictogram at top of placard
____ are smaller variations of placards and are placed on hazmat PACKAGES, whereas placards are placed on hazmat TRANSPORT VEHICLES.
Labels
*diamond-shaped also, but 3.9” on each side
Most labels for the 9 hazard classes and subdivisions are essentially the same as their placarding counterparts. There are a few exceptions, such a Class __ (Radioactive) and Class __ (Infectious Substance) labels, which ALWAYS CONTAIN TEXT.
Class 7 ; Class 6
_____, which are similar to placards and labels, provide additional information on what safety precautions need to be taken to ensure the shipment is handled so that spills, accidents, and exposure are prevented. They are required on the outer packaging of nonbulk hazardous materials.
Markings
_____ markings are found on structures or containers that have been or are undergoing treatment for pest control or mold. They must remain on the transport vehicle until it has been completely ventilated.
Fumigation
The ___ marking is used for elevated-temperature materials, such as molten sulfur, roofing and road tar, and molten aluminum. These materials can present a thermal hazard in the form of heat.
“HOT”
Molten aluminum is generally shipped at temperatures above:
1,300*F
Lithium batteries are susceptible to ____ ____, a chain reaction leading to a violent release of its stored energy.
Thermal runaway
The biohazard marking is used on bulk packaging containing regulated ____ ____.
Medical Waste
Petroleum Crude Oil containing Hydrogen Sulfide is also known as ______.
Sour Crude Oil
Aboveground markers (signs, placards, or stakes) identify the APPROXIMATE location of underground pipelines. Markers are REQUIRED to be present wherever a pipeline crosses under ____, ____, or ____.
Roads, Railroads, or Waterways
The NFPA 704 system severity ratings are arranged on a diamond shaped marker or sign. The top 3 quadrants represent 3 hazard categories and are normally color-coded as follows:
Health - BLUE (left)
Flammability - RED (top)
Instability - YELLOW (right)
(special hazards are on bottom)
The NFPA 704 system hazard ratings are based on a numerical scale from __ to __.
The number __ indicates a minimal hazard and the number __ indicates a severe hazard.
There are __ levels of hazard TOTAL with each.
Scale from 0-4
0=minimal, 4=severe
FIVE levels to each hazard (0, 1, 2, 3, 4)
___ ____ symbols are located in the bottom quadrant of the NFPA 704 diamond marker. The color white is most commonly used. Multiple symbols may be used. Only 3 symbols are currently authorized for use in this position:
Special Hazard
3 symbols:
-W with line through it = unusual activity w/ water
-OX = oxidizer
-SA = simple asphyxiant
What does GHS stand for?
What are the 3 key information elements of it?
Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals (GHS)
3 key elements:
-Uniform classification of hazardous substances and mixtures
-Uniform labeling standards
-Uniforms SDS (safety data sheets) content and format
The ____ Hazard Communications Standard (HCS) requires employers to identify, classify, and communicate hazards in the workplace and to train employees to recognize those hazards.
OSHA
The ___ regulates the manufacture and labeling of pesticides.
EPA
____ ____ are one word used to indicate the relative severity of hazard and alert the reader to a potential hazard on the label and safety data sheet. The GHS defines TWO of them:
Signal Words
The 2 signal words:
-“Danger” for MORE severe hazard categories
-“Warning” for LESS severe hazard categories
OSHA’s Hazard Communication Standard (HCS) requires US employers to maintain CIL’s of all their hazardous substances. What does CIL stand for?
Chemical Inventory List
Shipments of hazardous materials must be accompanied by shipping papers that describe them. This info can be provided on a ______, _______, or similar document.
Bill of Lading ; Waybill ; Similar Document
The basic description provided in shipping papers will follow the PROPER SEQUENCE specified by 49CFR170. The sequence is ISHP, which stands for:
I = Identification Number
S = Proper Shipping Name
H = Hazard Class of Division
P = Packing Group
Every rail car has a unique number known as a ____ ____. This number works as a serial number to identify the car, independent of every other rail car.
Reporting Mark
A ________ is a detailed information bulletin prepared by a chemical’s manufacturer or importer that provides 16 types of specific information about the product. They are formatted according to Globally Harmonized System (GHS) specifications.
Safety Data Sheet (SDS)
____ are often the best sources of detailed information about a particular material to which emergency responders have access.
Safety Data Sheets (SDS’s)
What are the 16 sections of an SDS?
Section 1- Identification
Section 2- Hazard(s) Information
Section 3- Composition/information on Ingredients
Section 4- First Aid Measures
Section 5- Fire Fighting Measures
Section 6- Accidental Release Measures
Section 7- Handling and Storage
Section 8- Exposure Controls/Personal Protection
Section 9- Physical and Chemical Properties
Section 10- Stability and Reactivity
Section 11- Toxicological Information
Section 12- Ecological Information
Section 13- Disposal Considerations
Section 14- Transport Information
Section 15- Regulatory Information
Section 16- Other Information
_______ are most likely to encounter an incident before it has been reported.
Awareness Level Personnel
____ is definitely the safest of the five senses used to detect a hazardous material.
Sight
