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Therapeutics > 59-60: Micronutrition > Flashcards

59-60: Micronutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Dietary Reference intakes

A

-system of nutrition recommendations from IMNA
-replaced original recommended daily allowance (RDA)

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2
Q

Reference values provided by Dietary Reference Intakes

A

-EAR
-RDA
-AI
-UL

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3
Q

Estimated average requirement (EAR)

A

-amount of nutrient estimated to meet the need of 50% of the healthy individuals in an age and gender group

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4
Q

Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)

A

-2 standard deviations ABOVE EAR
-sufficient to meet need of 97-98% healthy individuals in a group

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5
Q

Adequate Intake (AI)

A

-used when not enough evidence to set an EAR
-approx the average nutrient intake of a healthy population

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6
Q

Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)

A

-max level of daily intake of nutrient without any health risk

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7
Q

Micronutrients

A

-vitamins
-minerals

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8
Q

Vitamins

A

-fat-soluble (ADEK)
-water-soluble (B and C)

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9
Q

Minerals

A

-macro: Ca and Mg
-trace: iron, iodine, zinc, copper, selenium

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10
Q

Vitamin A

A

-retinol, retinal, retinoic acid
-produced from carotenoids, organic pigments in plants
-function as light sensor (cis retinal w opsins)

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11
Q

Vitamin A deficiency

A

-night blindness

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12
Q

Retinoic Acid (Vit A)

A

-like hormones (nuclear receptor_
-regulates cell growth/dif
-associated w nuclear and retinoid receptos

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13
Q

Carotenoids

A

-vit A precursor
-effective antioxidant
-may reduce risk of cancer

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14
Q

Vit A storage

A

-in liver
-as retinol palmitate

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14
Q

Vitamin D

A

-function as steroid hormones maintaining calcium homeostasis
-made from cholesterol intermediate
-made photochemically in skin

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14
Q

Vit A dietary sources

A

-dark green/ yellow veggies
-liver
-egg yolk
-butter
-whole milk

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15
Q

Vit D defiency

A

-insuff exposure to sunlight
-rickets in young children
-osteomalacia in adults

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16
Q

Vitamin D dietary sources

A

-Vit D milk
-saltwater fish
-liver
-egg yolk

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17
Q

Vitamin E

A

-occurs in diet as tocopherols and tocotrienols
-antioxidants
-protecting unsaturated fatty acids
-accumulate in lipoproteins, cellular membranes, fat deposits
-reduce risk of CVD by stopping oxidation of LDL

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18
Q

Vit E dietary sources

A

-veg oils rich in polyunsat fat
-deficiency is rare

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19
Q

Vitamin K

A

-required for post-trans modification of glutamic acid residues to y-carboxyglutamic acid residues (allow binding to Ca)
-essential for blood clotting
-essential for bone mineralization

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20
Q

Vitamin K epoxide reductase

A

-regenerates active form of vit K

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20
Q

Vit K dietary sources

A

-K1 in green veggies
-K2 by intestinal bacteria
-deficiency rare

20
Q

Warfarin

A

-anticoagulant
-vit K ANTAgonist
-prevent thrombosis
-inhibits reductase

20
Q

Thiamin (B1)

A

-rapidly converted to thiamin pyrophosphate and TRIphosphate

21
Q

Thiamin pyrophosphate

A

-cofactor in enzyme catalysis
-thiazole ring strong nucleophile

22
Q

Thiamin Triphosphate

A

-functions in transmission of nerve impulse in peripheral nerve membranes

23
Q

Beriberi

A

-sever thiamin B1 deficiency
-muscular atrophy and weakness
-may occur in populations relying on rice or alcoholics

24
Q

Riboflavin (B2)

A

-precursor of FAD and FMN
-milk, meat, eggs, cereal

25
Q

Riboflavin (B2) deficiency

A

-rare
-angular chilitis, glossitis, and scaly dermatitis
-seen in chronic alcoholics

26
Q

Niacin B3

A

-converted to NAD and NADP
-meats, peanuts, cereal

27
Q

Pellagra

A

-severe Niacin B3 deficiency
-dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia
-rare
-alcoholics, pt w malabsorption, elderly

28
Q

Pyridoxine (B6)

A

-converted to pyridoxal phosphate (transamination in aa metabolism = make NTs and sphingolipids)
-meat, veggies, whole grain cereal

29
Q

Pyridoxine (B6) deficiency

A

-mild: irritability, nervousness, depression
-severe: peripheral neuropathy and convulsions

30
Q

Biotin (B7)

A

-serves as cofactor for activation of CO2 in enzymes
-covalent bind to lysine in enzymes
-lots of foods

31
Q

Biotin (B7) deficiency

A

-rare
-may occur when too much raw egg white
-avidin in egg forms tight complex with biotin
-preg women higher risk

32
Q

Folic acid (B9)

A

-converted to tetrahydrofolate
-DNA synthesis and cellular proliferation
-rich in lots of food

33
Q

Folic acid (B9) deficiency

A

-produces abnormal RBCs = anemia
-inc the risk of birth defects esp neural tube defect
-common in alcoholics

34
Q

Cobalamin (B12)

A

-Co
-complex w proteins
-needed for methionine synthase and methylmalonyl-CoA mutase

35
Q

Cobalamin B12 deficiency

A

-homocystein and methyl malonic acid accumulate
=anemia and neurological damage
-rare
-malabsorption diseases and long-term vegetarians

36
Q

Vitamin C

A

-ascorbic acid
-needed for hydroxylation of lysine and proline side chains, which is necessary for collagen stability (healing)
-reducing agent

37
Q

Vit C as a reducing agent

A

-aids absorption of iron by reducing it to Fe2+ in tummy
-protects vit A, E, B from oxidation

38
Q

Vit C deficiency

A

-capillary fragility, easy bruising, dec immunocompetence
-scurvy (severe)
-smokers need more
-using vit c to cure cold is controversial

39
Q

Scurvy

A

-dec wound healing
-osteoporosis
-hemorrhaging
-anemia

40
Q

Calcium

A

-most abundant mineral in body
-makes bones
-serves as 2nd messenger
-req for many enzymes
-essential for blood coagulation and muscle contractility

41
Q

Calcium serum level maintenace

A

-homeostasis
-deficiency takes Ca away from bones
-vit D needed to use Ca
-exercise uses Ca for bone formation

42
Q

Calcium deficiency

A

-resembles Vit D deficiency
-may contribute to osteoporosis
-muscle cramps
-low-income kids

43
Q

Calcium dietary sources

A

-dairy products
-nuts, beans, seeds, seaweed

44
Q

Iron

A

-needed for O2, energy metabolism, cell proliferation, immune defence
-blood loss (menses) inc need

45
Q

Iron homeostasis

A

-tightly regulated
-essential but also toxic
-free iron generates free radicals
-but sequested in cell by ferritin and transferrin in blood

46
Q

iron deficiency

A

-anemia

47
Q

Iodine

A

-make thyroid hormones
-fish and seaweed
-added to table salt

48
Q

Iodine deficiency

A

-inland populations
-goiter and cretinism

49
Q

Zinc

A

-needed for metalloenzymes and zinc finger proteins

50
Q

Zinc deficiency

A

-poor growth and sexual development in children
-poor wound healing, dermatitis, impaired immune function

51
Q

Copper

A

-required for many enzymes
-deficiency may cause anemia, bone demineralization, and blood vessel fragility

52
Q

Selenium

A

-incorporated into 25 selenoproteins in humans
-contain selenocystein residues that are incorporated during translation
-selenocysyl-tRNA binds to UGA codons in mRNA w special seq in 3-untranslated region
-defieciency rare

Therapeutics (78 decks)

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