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Therapeutics > 58: Macronutrition > Flashcards

58: Macronutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Role of dietary carbs

A

-major energy source for humans
-used to generate metabolic intermediates

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2
Q

excess carbs converted to

A

-glycogen
-triacyglycerol

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3
Q

Types of carbs

A

-simple (mono, di saccharides)
-complex (poly)

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4
Q

Simple carbs

A

-sugards
-fruits, veggies, milk
-mono and di saccharides

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5
Q

Monosaccharides

A

-single sugar molecules
-glucose, fructose, galactose

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6
Q

Disaccharides

A

-2 sugars combined
-sucrose, lactose, maltose

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7
Q

Polysaccharides

A

-complex
-many monos linked together
-glycogen in animals
-starch and fiber in plants

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8
Q

Glucose

A

-mono
-aka dextrose
-most important carb fuel for the body
-blood sugar
-di-sac or starch in food

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9
Q

Fructose

A

-fruits, veggies, honey
-does no inc blood glucose but inc blood lipids
-high-fructose corn syrup obesity

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10
Q

Digestion of carbs

A

-a-amylase
-enzymes on surface of small intestine

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11
Q

Only monosaccharides are

A

absorbed in the body

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12
Q

a-amylase

A

-hydrolyzes starch and glycogen to make maltose and maltotriose
-in saliva and pancreatic juice

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13
Q

small intestine enzymes

A

-maltase (m to glucose)
-sucrase (s to glucose and FRUCTose)
-lactase (l to glucose and GALACTOSE)

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14
Q

lactose intolerance caused by

A

-not enought lactase

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15
Q

Metabolism of indigetable carbs

A

-converted to monosac by bacterial enzymes
-anaerobic metabolism by bacteria
=production of short-chain fatty acids, lactate, H2, CH4, Co2
-may cause flatuelence and ab discomfort

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16
Q

Raffinose

A

-oligosaccharide in leguminous seeds (beans, peas)
-cannot be hydrolyzed by human enzymes

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17
Q

Glycemic index

A

-measure of how quickly individual foods will raise blood glucose levels
-ratio of area of blood glucose response curve to glucose curve
-100 is pure sugar

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18
Q

Dietary fibers

A

-cellulose and hemicellulose
-lignin
-pectin

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19
Q

Cellulose/Hemicellulose

A

-unrefined cereals, bran, wheat
-insoluble
-inc stool bulk and dec intestinal transit time

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20
Q

Lignin

A

-woody parts of veggies
-insoluble
-binds cholesterol and carcinogens

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21
Q

Pectin

A

-fruits
-soluble
-dec rate of sugar uptake and dec cholesterol

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22
Q

Dietary lipid function

A

-efficient source of energy
-provides satiety
-adds flavor and aroma
-carrier for fat-soluble vitamins

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23
Q

Dietary fat comp

A

-triacylglycerol is >90% of dietary fat
-phospholipids, cholesterol, esters, fatty acids 10%

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24
Q

Essential fatty acids

A

-used to synthesize eicosanoids in the body
-deficiency rare in US, needs to be added to baby formula
-omega 3 and 6

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25
Ratio of omega 3 to 6 in the diet is important in
-regulating BP, blood clotting, and immune functions
26
Omega-3 fatty acids
-a-linolenic acid (18:3) in veg oil -EPA (20:5) and DHA (22:6) in fish oils
27
Omega-6 fatty acids
-linoleic acid (18:2) in corn oil -arachidonic acid (20:4) in meat and fish
28
Trans fatty acids
-higher melting point than cis -raise blood cholesterol -inc risk of heart disease
29
Hydrogenation
-converts unsaturated to saturated -produces trans fats as byproduct -hydrogenated oils for margarine and shortening
30
Digestion of Lipids
-fat needs to be solubilized for digestion -dispersion of lipid phase into small droplets -solubilization by bile acids -gastric and pancreatic lipases -esterase
31
gastric and pancreatic lipases
-hydrolyze triacylglycerol to fatty acids and monoacylglycerol -produced fatty acids act as surfactantsE
32
Esterase
-hydrolyzes monoacylglycerol and cholesterol ester
33
Utililization of lipids
-used by muscles for energy -excesss stored in adipose -NOT used by brain
34
Chylomicron
delivers lipids to tissues
35
Ketone bodies
-conversion of fatty acids in liver -used by muscle AND BRAIN -acetone
36
Role of Proteins in diet
-essential structure component -enzymes, hormones, plasma proteins, antibodies
37
Excess dietary protein
-source of energy -glucogenic amino acids = glucose -ketogenic amino acids = keto acids and fatty acids -eventually converted to triacylglycerol in adipose tissue
38
Comp of human body by weight
-water 65% -protein 20% -fat 12%
39
Nitrogen balance
-intake of proteins vs excretion in urea and ammonia
40
Negative nitrogen balance
-inadequate dietary intake of protein -trauma or illnessp
41
positive nitrogen balance
-net inc in body protein stores (less excretion) -growing children, preg women, adults recovering from illness
42
Essential amino acids in the diet
-cannot be made by body in sufficient amounts -if not in diet, new proteins cannot be made without breaking down other body proteins = results in negative nitrogen balance -mix sources needed for vegetarians
43
Conditionally essential amino acids
-if phenylalanine is not enough, tyrosine cannot be made enough in the body
44
Digestion of proteins
-gastric -intestinal by peptidases
45
Gastric digestion of proteins
-pH of gas juice <2 -low pH denatures proteins -pepsins
46
Pepsins
-stable and active at acidic pH -aspartic protease
47
Intestinal digestion of proteins by peptidases at LUMINAL SURFACE
-brush border -produces free amino acids and di/tri peptides
48
Intestinal digestion of proteins by INTRACELLULAR peptidases
-amino acid and peptide transport systems -intracellular hydrolysis of di/tri peptides -practically only free amino acids are released to blood
49
Celiac Disease
-Celiac sprue -gluten intolerance -autoimmune genetic -inflammed and damaged lining of small intestine (diarrhea, weight loss, malnutrition)
50
avg dietary consumption
-310g carbs -94g fat -100g protein
51
Energy content of macronutrition
-carbs 4 cal/g -fat 9 -protein 4 -alcohol 7
52
Energy reserves of humans
-fat stored in adipose -glycogen in liver to maintain blood sugar levels -glycogen in muscle for exercise -protein not preferred
53
Body in well-fed state
-insulin RELEASE -glycoLYSIS -glycogen synthesis -CATabolism of amino acids -fatty acid synthesis -no gluconeogenesis (no cori cycle)
54
Early fasting state
-Glucagon RELEASE -glycogen breakdown -glucoNEOGENESIS (cori and alanine cycle) -no catabolism of amino acids
55
Fasting state
-glucagon release -gluconeogenesis -protein used as major carbon and nitrogen source (alanine and glutamine) -lipolysis in adipose tissue -fatty acid oxidation -ketogenesis -reduced thyroid hormones (daily basal energy requirement drops by 25%
56
Caloric homeostasis
-constant availability of fuels in the blood -glucose carefully regulated
57
Hyperglycemia
-dehydration, coma, diabetes complications
58
Glucose below 1.5
-coma and death
59
Energy for brain
-glucose -uses more than 20% of total energy (100-120g/day) -15-20% of total oxygen -constant energy needed
60
Brain membrane potential
-na+/K+ ATPase
61
Brain energy storage
-NONE -no glycogen storage -brain doesn't use fat
62
Brain adaptation to starvation
-ketone bodies made from acetyl-CoA in the liver
63
Protein-energy malnutrition
-common in developing countries in infants bc reduce ability to fight off infection -Marasmus -Kwashiorkor
64
Marasmus
-inadequate intake of both protein and energy -thin, wasted appearance -small for age
65
Kwashiorkor
-inadequate intake of protein with adequate energy intake -mainly in kids 1-3 -deceptive plump appearance due to edema

Therapeutics (78 decks)

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