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Middle East 20th Century > 5 Monarchies > Flashcards

5 Monarchies Flashcards

1
Q

In the 21st century, how many ME & NA countries are monarchies?

A

over one-third

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2
Q

What 3 kinds of kingdoms were there after WWI?

A
  1. Were independent of the O.E.
  2. Became independent after the dissolution.
  3. Others
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3
Q

What is the oldest monarchy in the region?

A

The Alaouite dynasty (1631) of Morocco

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4
Q

What is the next oldest one?

A

Al Said dynasy in Oman - 1792

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5
Q

Next?

A

Bahrain - Al Kahlifa dynastry - 1796

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6
Q

Next?

A

Egypt - 1815 Alawwite dynasty

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7
Q

Next?

A

The Al Thani dynasty - 1878

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8
Q

Next?

A

Kuwait - Al Sabah dynasty - 1896

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9
Q

Which kingdoms did Britain create in 1921?

A
  • Hashemite kingdom of TransJordan (1921-1958)
  • Iraq (1921-1958)
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10
Q

Next?

A

Saudi Arabia - 1932

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11
Q

What do the monarchies of Morocco and TransJordan have in common?

A

Both claim to have blood ties to Mohammed.

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12
Q

Which nation remained fully inderpendent of the Ottomans because of distance from Constantinope?

A

Morocco

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13
Q

What other countries remained independent because of distance?

A

Bahrain, Qatar, UAE and Oman

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14
Q

What else did these 4 countries have?

A

Access to the sea for international trade.

across the gulf from Persia

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15
Q

What was the Hejaz?

A

Western Arabia

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16
Q

What opportunity was created for countries which had been part of the OE?

A

A chance for local leaders to assert themselves.

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17
Q

What was UAE known as before 1971?

A

The Trucial states

They had signed truces with others

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18
Q

How did the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia arise?

A

The House of Saud victory over the Hejaz.

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19
Q

When had the Hejaz been declared a kingdom?

A

Hussein bin Ali al-Hashimi rebelled against the Ottomans during WWI.

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20
Q

Where was ind Saud’s base?

A

Riyadh

21
Q

How did Britain try to help Hussein (Hejaz)?

A

He made one of his sons Emir of Transjordan in 1922
and another son, Faisal, Emir of Iraq

22
Q

What did France do with Syria and Lebanon?

France had a US mandate for them

A

They introduced a republic with a President and senate.

23
Q

Egypt was technically already independent, but . . .

A

Britain was really running it was a ruling family nominally in place

24
Q

How did Egyptians take this?

A

They revolted in 1919.

25
Q

How did Britain react?

A

In 1922, it made Egypt a kngdom, but Britain was still in control.

26
Q

So Britain had created 3 monarchies in 2 years.

A

TransJordan, Iraq and Egypt.

27
Q

How did the House of Saud emerge in Arabia?

A

To start, most of it was out of control of the Ottomans.

It was difficult to conquer large desert spaces.

28
Q

Before oil, how was the Arabian peninsula viewed?

A

As “completely worthless”

29
Q

When sdid the Saud family start to recapture the peninsula.

A

1902 - they captured Riyadh

30
Q

Who was ibn Saud’s adviser?

A

Harry St. John Philby

31
Q

What was Philby’s point of view?

A

That ibn Saud should reign over the entire peninsula.

32
Q

Why was this a problem for Britain?

A

They had prmosied Hussein that he would become King after WWI.

33
Q

What was Sharif Hussein busy doing?

A

Keeping the Ottomans at bay.

34
Q

When did Sharif Hussein declare himself King of Mecca?

A

The Ottomans were too engaged in the war to do anything about it.

35
Q

Who supported Hussein?

A

The British and French.
They gave him money and arms.

36
Q

What authority did the League of Nations give Philby?

A

Head of British Intelligence in Palestine in 1921.

37
Q

Why did Britain eventually fire Philby?

A

He went against their wishes and supported Saud.

38
Q

What did Philby do?

A

Went to work for Ibn Saud

39
Q

What did Britain do in 1924?

A

They withdrew their financial support from Hussein.

40
Q

What did ibn Saud do?

A

He conquered western Arabia.

41
Q

Who was Philby’s son?

A

Kim Philby.
Both father and son were considered traitors.

42
Q

What did ibn Saud do in 1932?

A

Created the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

43
Q

What is unique about Saudi Arabia?

A

The only country where the ruling family’s name is in the country’s name.

44
Q

When was oil discovered on the Arabian peninsula?

A

Bahrain - 1931,
Kuwait - 1937,
Saudi Arabia - 1938,
Qatar - 1940
The Truces - 1950s

45
Q

What other countries in the region found oil?

A

Algeria - 1956 - 6 years before independence,
Libya - 1959

46
Q

How did oil change things in Saudi Arabia?

A

At first, not much.
The international oil companies got the lion’s share

47
Q

What monarchy did the United Nations create in 1951?

A

United Kingdom of Libya.

48
Q

Who was their king?

A

King Idris

49
Q

How long did Idris last?

A

18 years when Gaddafi overthrew him

Middle East 20th Century (24 decks)

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