5 Monarchies Flashcards
In the 21st century, how many ME & NA countries are monarchies?
over one-third
What 3 kinds of kingdoms were there after WWI?
- Were independent of the O.E.
- Became independent after the dissolution.
- Others
What is the oldest monarchy in the region?
The Alaouite dynasty (1631) of Morocco
What is the next oldest one?
Al Said dynasy in Oman - 1792
Next?
Bahrain - Al Kahlifa dynastry - 1796
Next?
Egypt - 1815 Alawwite dynasty
Next?
The Al Thani dynasty - 1878
Next?
Kuwait - Al Sabah dynasty - 1896
Which kingdoms did Britain create in 1921?
- Hashemite kingdom of TransJordan (1921-1958)
- Iraq (1921-1958)
Next?
Saudi Arabia - 1932
What do the monarchies of Morocco and TransJordan have in common?
Both claim to have blood ties to Mohammed.
Which nation remained fully inderpendent of the Ottomans because of distance from Constantinope?
Morocco
What other countries remained independent because of distance?
Bahrain, Qatar, UAE and Oman
What else did these 4 countries have?
Access to the sea for international trade.
across the gulf from Persia
What was the Hejaz?
Western Arabia
What opportunity was created for countries which had been part of the OE?
A chance for local leaders to assert themselves.
What was UAE known as before 1971?
The Trucial states
They had signed truces with others
How did the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia arise?
The House of Saud victory over the Hejaz.
When had the Hejaz been declared a kingdom?
Hussein bin Ali al-Hashimi rebelled against the Ottomans during WWI.
Where was ind Saud’s base?
Riyadh
How did Britain try to help Hussein (Hejaz)?
He made one of his sons Emir of Transjordan in 1922
and another son, Faisal, Emir of Iraq
What did France do with Syria and Lebanon?
France had a US mandate for them
They introduced a republic with a President and senate.
Egypt was technically already independent, but . . .
Britain was really running it was a ruling family nominally in place
How did Egyptians take this?
They revolted in 1919.
How did Britain react?
In 1922, it made Egypt a kngdom, but Britain was still in control.
So Britain had created 3 monarchies in 2 years.
TransJordan, Iraq and Egypt.
How did the House of Saud emerge in Arabia?
To start, most of it was out of control of the Ottomans.
It was difficult to conquer large desert spaces.
Before oil, how was the Arabian peninsula viewed?
As “completely worthless”
When sdid the Saud family start to recapture the peninsula.
1902 - they captured Riyadh
Who was ibn Saud’s adviser?
Harry St. John Philby
What was Philby’s point of view?
That ibn Saud should reign over the entire peninsula.
Why was this a problem for Britain?
They had prmosied Hussein that he would become King after WWI.
What was Sharif Hussein busy doing?
Keeping the Ottomans at bay.
When did Sharif Hussein declare himself King of Mecca?
The Ottomans were too engaged in the war to do anything about it.
Who supported Hussein?
The British and French.
They gave him money and arms.
What authority did the League of Nations give Philby?
Head of British Intelligence in Palestine in 1921.
Why did Britain eventually fire Philby?
He went against their wishes and supported Saud.
What did Philby do?
Went to work for Ibn Saud
What did Britain do in 1924?
They withdrew their financial support from Hussein.
What did ibn Saud do?
He conquered western Arabia.
Who was Philby’s son?
Kim Philby.
Both father and son were considered traitors.
What did ibn Saud do in 1932?
Created the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
What is unique about Saudi Arabia?
The only country where the ruling family’s name is in the country’s name.
When was oil discovered on the Arabian peninsula?
Bahrain - 1931,
Kuwait - 1937,
Saudi Arabia - 1938,
Qatar - 1940
The Truces - 1950s
What other countries in the region found oil?
Algeria - 1956 - 6 years before independence,
Libya - 1959
How did oil change things in Saudi Arabia?
At first, not much.
The international oil companies got the lion’s share
What monarchy did the United Nations create in 1951?
United Kingdom of Libya.
Who was their king?
King Idris
How long did Idris last?
18 years when Gaddafi overthrew him
