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Middle East 20th Century > 17 1979 > Flashcards

17 1979 Flashcards

1
Q

Flashpoint #1 of 1979

A

Iranian Revolution

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2
Q

When did Persia become Iran?

A

1935

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3
Q

Who was its shah?

A

Pahlavi’s father in 1925 when still Persia

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4
Q

What happened in 1941?

A

Britain and Russia invaded Iran and forces the switch to the son.

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5
Q

Why did Britain/Russian do this?

A

Germany was Iran’s largest trading partner.
They were afraid of the father’s Nazi sympathies.

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6
Q

How did Iran do under the son’s rule?

A

Economically well with oil money and industrial development.

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7
Q

What did the Shia clergy think about this?

A

That the Shah was too close to the West.

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8
Q

In the 1901 agreement between Persia and foreignors, how much of the profits did Persia get?

A

16%

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9
Q

What changed in 1951?

A

Iran’s PM nationalized the oil industry

Mohammed Mossadegh

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10
Q

How did western nations respond?

A

2 years later they helped remove Mossadegh from power with an edict by the shah.

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11
Q

What was the lasting effect of this?

A

The shah’s opponents never forgave him

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12
Q

What did the Shah do in 1963?

A

A domestic investment policy called
The White Revolution.

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13
Q

What social reforms did it include?

A

Vote for women, free education, break up of large farms

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14
Q

Who did this anger?

A

Big landowners and clerics who considered it westernization

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15
Q

What did Shia leader Khomeni call the shah?

Musavi Khomeni

A

A “wretched miserable man.”

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16
Q

What happened to him?

A

He was arrested.

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17
Q

What happened next to Khomeni?

A

He went into exile in Iraq for 14 years

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18
Q

What provoked a problem in early 1978?

A

An Iranian newspaper called Khomeni a British agent.

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19
Q

What did this trigger?

A

Riots supporting Khomeni.

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20
Q

What did the Shah do?

A

Promised free elections next year.

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21
Q

What happened?

A

Eventually protests got larger and the Shah called for martial law.

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22
Q

What was Black Friday?

Sept. 8, 1978

A

The army shot at protesters killing nearly 90.

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23
Q

What did Iran pressure Iraq to do?

A

Expel Khomeni.

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24
Q

Where did he go?

A

To Paris, giving him better communications

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25
Q

What did the Shah do?

A

He replaced the PM with the military

26
Q

What did the Shah finally do?

A

He left Iran for good.

27
Q

What did Khomeni’s return mean?

A

The Iranian Revolution became an Islamic Revolution

28
Q

Was Khomeni universally popular in Iran?

A

No

29
Q

What were they hoping for?

A

That Khomeni would turn it over to a more democratic state.

30
Q

What did Khomeni think about democracy?

A

It was bad because it was Western.

31
Q

What was the second big event of 1979?

A

THe signing of the Israel / Egypt peace treaty

32
Q

How many wars had Egypt and Israel fought since 1948?

A

4
Egypt lost every one.

33
Q

What had those losses done to Egypt?

A

Hurt them economically.

34
Q

Why did Egypt finally make peace with Israel?

A

To improve its economy by engaging in international trade.

35
Q

Why did Israel make peace with Egypt?

A

They were tired of fighting for their survival.

36
Q

How did Israelis take the agreement?

A

They generally supported it.

37
Q

How did other Arab nations take it?

A

Not so well.
Sadat was seen as a traitor.
THey were expelled from the Arab League.

38
Q

Who saw it as an an opportunity?

A

Iraq’s President Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr

39
Q

How had he come to power?

A

In a coup with the Ba’ath party 10 years before.

40
Q

What was the 3rd event of 1979?

A

Iraq and Syria entered into a treaty.

41
Q

What was their history?

A

From 1958-1961 Iraq/Syria were a united country called the United Arab Republic.

42
Q

In 1979, what went wrong with the union?

A

Iraq Deputy Saddam Hussein felt sidelined.

43
Q

What did Hussein do?

A

Pressured al-Bakr into resigning.

44
Q

What was the 4th event of 1979?

A

The siege of the mosque at Mecca

45
Q

What were the circumstances?

A

There were nearly 100,000 people there and 500 insurgents had smuggled in guns.

46
Q

What did they do?

A

They locked the doors.

47
Q

What was their primary demand?

A

The overthrow of the Saudi royal family.

48
Q

What else?

A

The end of oil exports to the US

49
Q

What else?

A

The expulsion of all non-Muslim foreignors from Arabia

50
Q

What was their religion?

A

Sunni, like most Saudi Arabians

51
Q

What inspired them?

A

The Iranian Revolution

52
Q

What did they believe?

A

That the judgement day was near.

53
Q

What did the Saudi government do?

A

Attacked the mob.

54
Q

How long did it take to end it?

A

2 weeks

55
Q

How many died?

A

380 or higher

56
Q

What did the US do that year?

A

Let the former Shah of Iran come for cancer treatments

57
Q

What happened next?

A

The takeover of the US Embassy in Tehran

58
Q

How many hostages did they take?

A

52

59
Q

What was the long-term impact of this?

A

It destroyed US-Iran relations to this day.

60
Q

What happened to Sadat?

A

He was assassinated in 1981

61
Q

What happened to the Saudi family after the siege?

A

Became even more conservative.

Middle East 20th Century (24 decks)

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