3 World War ! Flashcards
We will be looking at Arab and Jewish nationalist leaders.
Atatürk,
Faisal and Weizmann
What was the US’s first military action overseas?
The 1805 Marine battle of Derna (in Libya) part of the Ottoman Empire
This is where “the shores of Tripoli” comes from.
Who invaded Italy in 1911?
Italy
What happened by 1912?
Italy forced the Ottomans out of Libya.
Who was leading the Ottoman forces in Libya?
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
What did he llater become?
The founding President of Turkey.
Who was Faisal bin Hussein?
He became President of both Syria and Iraq, at different times.
When did WWI start?
July 28, 1914, one month after the assassination of Emperor Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austria-Hungary throne.
How many people dies in WWI?
17-22 million, half civilians
How many died in the Infulenza 1918-1920?
17-50 million.
What were they by percentage of population?
US - .1%
British Empire - 2%
France - 11%
Germany - 9%
Ottoman - 25%
What does the Ottoman number include?
1.5 million Otoman Armenians kileed in an Ottoman-led genocide.
At the beginning of WWI, what was the only remaining Ottoman territory in Europe?
Thrace
Today Thrace is split among Greece, Turkey and Bulgaria
Why was Ottoman forced to side with Germany in WWI?
Germany had been providing military training to them for years.
How long did they last during the war?
They were predicted to fail early, but lasted the 4 years.
How?
Officers like Atatûrk.
For example . .
He defended Galipoli in 1915.
He was a hero after that.
When was the Turkish war of Independence?
1919-1923
Who was it against?
Greece, France, Britain, Armenia and others.
Who introduced the concept of a “social contract”?
Rousseau
What did Atatûrk do?
Put nationalism over religion, favorning language and history.
What is Jesish nationalism called?
Zionism
The Jews had not had a homeland for over 2000 years
Who led the Zionist movement?
Theodor Herzl
Were the majority of Jews Zionists?
No. Most wanted assimilation wherever they were living.
Who was Chaim Weizmann?
He became the first President of Israel.
WHere did he come from?
Russia.
He was a chemist and moved to British.
What was his specialty?
fermentation
How did Britain use him during WWI?
He developed acetone, which was used as a propellant in explosives.
What did they do for him after the war?
They helped in find the location of a state.
What was the Balfour Declaration?
A 67-word statement that Britain supports a national home for Jews in Palestine.
Did all Jews support this?
Some thought that there would be a backlash for Jews.
What did the British say about the Arabs?
They supported their independence.
What did this ignore?
The overlap of Arab and Jewish desires, particularly in Palestine.
Who was the head of Mecca in 1915?
Sharif Hussein bin Ali Al-Hashimi
What did the High Commisioner to the Sultanate of Egypt Henry McMahon promise Hussein?
An independent Arab kingdom after WWI.
What did Hussein then do?
Launched the Arab Revolt against the Ottomans in 1916.
What did Hussein then declare?
He declared himself the King of the Arabs, which came to nothing.
Did the Arab kingdom come about after the war?
No
Who was to take over from Hussein?
His third son, Faisal bin Hussein bin Ali al Hashmi
nWhere did the idea of Arab nationalism arise?
Late 1800s
This was a last ditch effort by the Ottomans
What did Arab nationalism oppose?
Ottoman nationalism
What did the Arabs do?
A conference in Paris in 1913.
What was Britain’s goal?
To do anything it took to win WWI
How many British died at Galipoli?
40,000
How was WWI going for Britain in 1916?
Very badly.
What did Faisal do in 1918?
He led an army which took Damascas and declared it a kingdom in 1920
What happened after that?
4 months later, the French took Damascus and forced the Arabs out.
Who opposed this?
T. E. Lawrence
How did the British try to fix this?
They made Faisal King of Iraq [Syria?}, which he held until his 1933 death.
What else did Britain do?
They made Faisal’s brother King of TransJordan.
What were these appointments?
Consolation prizes.
What were British expectations?
That both would be loyal to Britain.
When had WWI started for the Ottoman Empire?
The 1911 invasion of Libya by Italy.
What happened when European victors began the break up of the Ottoman Empire?
A 4-year war of Turkish independence which resulted in the secular Republic of Turkey.
