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Middle East 20th Century > 3 World War ! > Flashcards

3 World War ! Flashcards

1
Q

We will be looking at Arab and Jewish nationalist leaders.

A

Atatürk,
Faisal and Weizmann

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2
Q

What was the US’s first military action overseas?

A

The 1805 Marine battle of Derna (in Libya) part of the Ottoman Empire

This is where “the shores of Tripoli” comes from.

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3
Q

Who invaded Italy in 1911?

A

Italy

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4
Q

What happened by 1912?

A

Italy forced the Ottomans out of Libya.

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5
Q

Who was leading the Ottoman forces in Libya?

A

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk

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6
Q

What did he llater become?

A

The founding President of Turkey.

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7
Q

Who was Faisal bin Hussein?

A

He became President of both Syria and Iraq, at different times.

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8
Q

When did WWI start?

A

July 28, 1914, one month after the assassination of Emperor Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austria-Hungary throne.

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9
Q

How many people dies in WWI?

A

17-22 million, half civilians

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10
Q

How many died in the Infulenza 1918-1920?

A

17-50 million.

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11
Q

What were they by percentage of population?

A

US - .1%
British Empire - 2%
France - 11%
Germany - 9%
Ottoman - 25%

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12
Q

What does the Ottoman number include?

A

1.5 million Otoman Armenians kileed in an Ottoman-led genocide.

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13
Q

At the beginning of WWI, what was the only remaining Ottoman territory in Europe?

A

Thrace

Today Thrace is split among Greece, Turkey and Bulgaria

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14
Q

Why was Ottoman forced to side with Germany in WWI?

A

Germany had been providing military training to them for years.

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15
Q

How long did they last during the war?

A

They were predicted to fail early, but lasted the 4 years.

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16
Q

How?

A

Officers like Atatûrk.

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17
Q

For example . .

A

He defended Galipoli in 1915.
He was a hero after that.

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18
Q

When was the Turkish war of Independence?

A

1919-1923

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19
Q

Who was it against?

A

Greece, France, Britain, Armenia and others.

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20
Q

Who introduced the concept of a “social contract”?

A

Rousseau

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21
Q

What did Atatûrk do?

A

Put nationalism over religion, favorning language and history.

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22
Q

What is Jesish nationalism called?

A

Zionism

The Jews had not had a homeland for over 2000 years

23
Q

Who led the Zionist movement?

A

Theodor Herzl

24
Q

Were the majority of Jews Zionists?

A

No. Most wanted assimilation wherever they were living.

25
Q

Who was Chaim Weizmann?

A

He became the first President of Israel.

26
Q

WHere did he come from?

A

Russia.
He was a chemist and moved to British.

27
Q

What was his specialty?

A

fermentation

28
Q

How did Britain use him during WWI?

A

He developed acetone, which was used as a propellant in explosives.

29
Q

What did they do for him after the war?

A

They helped in find the location of a state.

30
Q

What was the Balfour Declaration?

A

A 67-word statement that Britain supports a national home for Jews in Palestine.

31
Q

Did all Jews support this?

A

Some thought that there would be a backlash for Jews.

32
Q

What did the British say about the Arabs?

A

They supported their independence.

33
Q

What did this ignore?

A

The overlap of Arab and Jewish desires, particularly in Palestine.

34
Q

Who was the head of Mecca in 1915?

A

Sharif Hussein bin Ali Al-Hashimi

35
Q

What did the High Commisioner to the Sultanate of Egypt Henry McMahon promise Hussein?

A

An independent Arab kingdom after WWI.

36
Q

What did Hussein then do?

A

Launched the Arab Revolt against the Ottomans in 1916.

37
Q

What did Hussein then declare?

A

He declared himself the King of the Arabs, which came to nothing.

38
Q

Did the Arab kingdom come about after the war?

A

No

39
Q

Who was to take over from Hussein?

A

His third son, Faisal bin Hussein bin Ali al Hashmi

40
Q

nWhere did the idea of Arab nationalism arise?

A

Late 1800s

This was a last ditch effort by the Ottomans

41
Q

What did Arab nationalism oppose?

A

Ottoman nationalism

42
Q

What did the Arabs do?

A

A conference in Paris in 1913.

43
Q

What was Britain’s goal?

A

To do anything it took to win WWI

44
Q

How many British died at Galipoli?

A

40,000

45
Q

How was WWI going for Britain in 1916?

A

Very badly.

46
Q

What did Faisal do in 1918?

A

He led an army which took Damascas and declared it a kingdom in 1920

47
Q

What happened after that?

A

4 months later, the French took Damascus and forced the Arabs out.

48
Q

Who opposed this?

A

T. E. Lawrence

49
Q

How did the British try to fix this?

A

They made Faisal King of Iraq [Syria?}, which he held until his 1933 death.

50
Q

What else did Britain do?

A

They made Faisal’s brother King of TransJordan.

51
Q

What were these appointments?

A

Consolation prizes.

52
Q

What were British expectations?

A

That both would be loyal to Britain.

53
Q

When had WWI started for the Ottoman Empire?

A

The 1911 invasion of Libya by Italy.

54
Q

What happened when European victors began the break up of the Ottoman Empire?

A

A 4-year war of Turkish independence which resulted in the secular Republic of Turkey.

Middle East 20th Century (24 decks)

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