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Middle East 20th Century > 2 Persia Turkey Revolts > Flashcards

2 Persia Turkey Revolts Flashcards

1
Q

What triggered the 1905 revolt in Persia?

A

the price of sugar

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2
Q

What happened?

A

2 sugar merchants were charged with price gouging

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3
Q

Why?

A

They were taxed more heavily than imported sugar

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4
Q

What did the [British] Governor do to them?

A

He had them caned in puiblic.

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5
Q

What happened?

A

Other businesses went on strike.

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6
Q

What is a Constitutional Revolution?

A

Seeking big change in a country’s legal sytem and charter

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7
Q

An example?

A

The American revolution

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8
Q

When did democratic movements begin?

A

In the late 1700s in Europe and North America.
It spread from there.

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9
Q

When did the Ottoman Empire begin to “reform”?

A

1839 - the Tanzimat Reforms.
Small steps.

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10
Q

Which country in this area had the first Constitution?

A

1861 - Tunisia

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11
Q

How did demand for democracy spread through the ME & NA?

A
  1. increase in education
  2. industrialization [particularly military]
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12
Q

Which country was doing this in the Far East?

A

Japan
1905 beat Russia in a war.

Russia was considered a European nation

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13
Q

What was the impact of the Japanese victory?

A

The Arabs were inspired.

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14
Q

What was building in the Middle East?

A

Resentment at the European powers who were increasingly controlling their region.

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15
Q

Who was the King of Persia in 1905?

A

Mozaffer ad-Din Shah (r. 1896-1907)

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16
Q

Who was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire at that time?

A

Abdul Hamid II

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17
Q

Why did these 2 allow foreigners in?

A

To gain in trade.

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18
Q

How did this go wrong?

A

The foreigners were originally just merchants but they evolved into trading companies.

19
Q

What did these trading companies do?

A

Demand their own laws and preferential tariffs..

20
Q

What happened next?

A

Full-scale invasion

21
Q

Why were Persian tariffs on its vender high?

A

Persia was paying off debt to Russian Czar Nicholas II

22
Q

Why were they in debt to Russia?

A

To pay for the Shah’s lavish travels and his spending on new cinemas in Tehran

Pointing out economic inequality

23
Q

What did the Protestors want?

A

A Parliament which would limit the powers of the Shah.

24
Q

What was created?

A

An elected Consultative Assembly in 1906

25
Q

What was the Fundamental Law?

A

A Constitution passed in 1906, it said the Shah serves at the consent of the people.

26
Q

What happened to the Shah?

A

He died of a heart attack 3 days later.

27
Q

What was unique about this?

A

He was the last Persian shah to die in his country rather than in exile.

28
Q

Who succeded him?

A

His son Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar

29
Q

What was his position?

A

He secretly opposed the Constitution.

30
Q

How did he do it?

A

He used poor economic conditions to manipulate the poor to demand restoration of the monarchy.

31
Q

What happened next?

A

1907 - Britain and Russia divided Persia into 2 spheres of influence.

32
Q

How was it divided?

A

Russia got the north.
Britain the SE with a neutral zone in the middle.

33
Q

What was this part of?

A

The Great Game.

34
Q

What did the new king blame this on?

A

The Constitutionalists

35
Q

How did he push back?

A

He got military support from both Britain and Russia.
They preferred the Shah.

36
Q

What did the king do next?

A

Had his Russian-led forces attack the Assembly, executing their leaders.

37
Q

What happened next?

A

The Constitutionalists forced the Shah to resign and putting his 11 year old son in power.
They then re-established the Constitution.

38
Q

When was the Ottoman [Turkey] Revolution?

A

1908

39
Q

What happened?

A

Ottoman army officers in the Balkans and Macedonia mutinied.

40
Q

Why?

A

To re-establish the 1878 Constitution.

41
Q

What shape was the Empire in in 1908?

A

a “sick man” with many secret societies

42
Q

Who emerged?

A

The Young Turks [CUP]

43
Q

What did they want to do?

A

To build the Ottoman Empire back up.

44
Q

What did these revolutions accomplish?

A

They were an inspiration for future generations.

Middle East 20th Century (24 decks)

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