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Middle East 20th Century > 15 Lebanon Civil War > Flashcards

15 Lebanon Civil War Flashcards

1
Q

What was Lebanon like in the 1960s?

A

The Paris of the Middle East

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2
Q

How are Lebanon’s religions spread out?

A

The most religiously-diverse country in ME/NA

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3
Q

When did Lebanon gain independence from France?

A

1943

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4
Q

When was the Lebanon Civil War?

A

1975-1990

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5
Q

When did the League of Nations give France the mandate for Lebanon?

A

1920s

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6
Q

How many religious groups are there in Lebanon?

A

18

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7
Q

What was the population of Lebanon in 1932?

A

800,000

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8
Q

What was the religious make-up in 1932?

A

28% Maronite Christians
22% Sunni
20% Shia

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9
Q

What was the 1943 National Pact?

A

Pres. = Maronite
PM = Sunni
Speaker = Shia

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10
Q

What happened in 1948?

A

Israel created and opposed by Arabs

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11
Q

What did the first war do to Lebanon?

A

270k Palestinians ended up on Jordan’s West Bank
190k = Egypt Gaza Strip
100k to Lebanon

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12
Q

What did the Arab League do in 1964?

A

Met to represent the interests of the Palestinians.

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13
Q

What was formed?

A

The Palestinian Liberation Oranization.

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14
Q

What was the PLO’s mission?

A

Liberate Palestine through armed struggle.

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15
Q

What was the armed wing of the PLO?

A

The Palestinian Liberation Army.

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16
Q

What were the PLA tactics?

A

Guerilla tactics including soft targets like schools.

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17
Q

What happened in the 1967 6-day war?

A

300,000 more Palestinian refugees were created.

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18
Q

Who were they?

A

Many were refugees from the 1948 war that had settled on the West Bank of Jordan.

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19
Q

How did this create a problem in Lebanon?

A

Most of the refugees they received were Muslims.

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20
Q

What else?

A

The PLO began launching attacks on Israel from Lebanon.

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21
Q

What happened in the 1970s?

A

There was a worldwide increase in terrorism.

Patty Hearst, Weather Underground, Red Brigade (Italy)

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22
Q

In 1970, how many Palestinians lived in Jordan?

A

500,000

out of 3 million

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23
Q

Who were the Fedayeen?

A

It was a term referring to any terrorist group.

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24
Q

What did the Jordanian Fedayeen do?

A

Attempted to overthrow King Hussein in Jordan.

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25
Q

Who were the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP)?

A

A Marxinst-Leninist branch of the PLO

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26
Q

What did the PFLP do in 1970?

A

HIjacked 4 airplanes, 3 bound for New York, forcing them to land in Jordan

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27
Q

What did they do?

A

They blew up the airplanes after they were evacuated.

28
Q

Whay did King Hussein do?

A

Called for Martial Law and dismissed the civilian government

29
Q

Then what?

A

The military rooted out the PLO and expelled them.

30
Q

Where did the Fedayeen re-settle?

A

Lebanon

31
Q

What was created out of this?

A

Black September terrorist group

32
Q

What did they do?

A

Targeted Jordan government and massacred Israeli athletes at the 1972 Munich Olympics

33
Q

Who were the Falangists?

phalanx = a military group in close formation

A

Maronite Christian paramilitary organization

34
Q

How did the Falangists start the Civil War in April 1975?

A

They attacked a busload of Palestinians and killed 27.

35
Q

How did the PLO respond?

A

Violently in Beirut

36
Q

Who joined the PLO?

A

Pan-Arab and Muslim groups

37
Q

How many had died by 1976?

A

50,000

38
Q

Where did the PLO stand in 1976?

A

They had gained control of 80% of the country.

39
Q

Who did the Maronites turn to?

A

Syria

40
Q

How did al-Assad respond?

A

He was happy to help. He was anti-Israeli but also did not trust the PLO.

41
Q

What did Syria do?

A

Sent troops which gave stability until 1982.

42
Q

What happened in 1982?

A

Israel invaded to try to stop PLO attacks from Lebanon.

43
Q

How far did they get?

A

Beirut

44
Q

How did America respond?

A

They led a multi-national group which negotiated the PLO leaving Lebanon

45
Q

Where did they move to?

A

Tunis.

46
Q

What did America do next?

A

American troops were withdrawn.

47
Q

What did this lead to?

A

3,500 Palestinians & Lebanese Shia were massacred by Maronite Catholics

including women and children

48
Q

What did the Isaraeli forces do?

A

Stood by and did nothing and blocking exits.

49
Q

In 1983, what did the UN conclude?

A

That this was a genocide and Israel was responsible.

50
Q

Who personally was held responsible?

A

Israeli Defense Minister Ariel Sharon

51
Q

What happened to him?

A

He was forced to resign but was later elected Prime Minister.

52
Q

What did the rest of the world do?

A

The US-led international force returned.

53
Q

What happened in April 1983

A

The US Embassy in Beirut was bombed, killing 64.

54
Q

What was unique about the bombing?

A

It was one of the first suicide bombings in the region.

55
Q

What did the PLO do 6 months later?

A

Housing for US and French peacekeepers was bombed, killing 307 people.

56
Q

Who claimed responsibility?

A

A Lebanese Shia group called Islamic Jihad.

57
Q

Who likely financed the Islamic Jihad?

A

Iran

58
Q

What did the Islamic Jihad do next?

A

Kidnappings, including journalist Terry Anderson And Irishman Terry Waite who had gone there to negotiate Anderson’s release.

59
Q

What other groups emerged?

A

Miltant Shia groups financed by Iran.

60
Q

Which was the most famous of these groups?

A

Hezbollah

Hezbollah = Party of God

61
Q

Why was Iran involved?

A

The new theocratic regime.

62
Q

What happened by 1988?

A

Internal groups were weakened and peace talks began

63
Q

What was included?

A

Syria was allowed involvement in Lebanon’s political affairs.

64
Q

When did the war end?

A

1990

65
Q

When did Syria leave?

A

in 2005

66
Q

What immigrants does Lebanon host today?

A

1 million from the later Syrian Civil War

Middle East 20th Century (24 decks)

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