36.Tribal Integration || Wars of 1962, 1965 , War of 1971 and Bangladesh Crisis Flashcards
What percentage of the total population in India consists of tribal communities?
6.9%
How many tribal communities are there in India?
More than 400
What percentage of reservation is currently provided to Scheduled Tribes in India?
Around 7.5%
What effect did colonialism have on the tribal population in most parts of the country?
It forced them to undergo radical transformations and integrate with British and princely administrations.
How were tribal areas affected by the invasion of moneylenders, traders, and other middlemen?
The tribals’ traditional way of life was disrupted, they became enslaved by debt, and lost their land to outsiders.
What impact did colonialism have on the tribals’ relationship with the forest?
The destruction of forests by immigrant peasants from the plains deprived tribals of their traditional means of subsistence.
Why did colonial authorities enact forest laws in tribal areas?
To protect forests and facilitate their commercial exploitation.
What were some of the factors that led to tribal uprisings in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries?
Land loss, indebtedness, middleman exploitation, denial of access to forests and forest products, and oppression by government officials.
What were the challenges of tribal integration in India?
*Inspiring tribal communities with confidence and making them feel connected and integrated into India.
*Making them realize their honorable and respectable place in India.
Who emphasized the accommodation of tribal culture within Indian nationalism?
Nehru
What is Tribal Panchsheel?
It refers to the broad guidelines given by Nehru for tribal development and integration.
What are the five principles of Tribal Panchsheel?
*Development along the lines of their own genius, avoiding the imposition of alien values.
*Respecting tribal rights in land and forest.
*Training tribals in the work of administration and development.
*Avoiding over-administration and overwhelming tribal areas with multiple schemes.
*Judging results based on the evolved human character, not just statistics or money spent.
What does Tribal Panchsheel emphasize in terms of tribal progress?
Progress should be in their own way, respecting their unique culture and identity.
How are Scheduled Tribes recognized according to the Constitution?
Article 366 (25) defines Scheduled Tribes as tribes or tribal communities deemed under Article 342 to be Scheduled Tribes for the purposes of the Constitution.
What does Article 342(1) of the Constitution state?
It empowers the President, after consultation with the Governor, to specify tribes or tribal communities as Scheduled Tribes for any State or Union Territory through a public notification.
What does Article 46 of the Constitution provide?
It states that the State shall promote the educational and economic interests of the weaker sections of society, including Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, and protect them from social injustice and exploitation.
Which articles of the Constitution provide reservation for Scheduled Tribes?
Reservation in educational institutions is provided in Article 15(4), while reservation in posts and services is provided in Article 16(4), 16(4A), and 16(4B).
What are the administrative arrangements provided for Tribal Areas in the Constitution?
*The Fifth Schedule deals with the administration and control of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes residing in states other than Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram.
*The Sixth Schedule provides special provisions for the administration of tribal areas in the states of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram.
Which states have Fifth Schedule Areas?
Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan, and Telangana.
Which areas are covered under the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution?
The Sixth Schedule covers tribal areas in the states of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram.
What does the Sixth Schedule provide for?
It provides for the administration of tribal areas through Autonomous District Councils (ADCs) to safeguard the rights of the tribal population in these states.
What powers are conferred upon village gram sabhas under the Panchayats (Extension of Scheduled Areas) Act of 1995?
Powers of development, dispute resolution (based on traditional customs), and ownership and management of natural resources.
What are some causes for the poor performance of tribal policies?
*Weak execution of well-intended measures.
*Slow development of tribal languages affecting access to education.
*Weakness in the justice delivery system.
*Implementation challenges due to inter-tribal conflict.
*Lack of training and equipment for administrators dealing with tribal issues.
*Misappropriation and misuse of tribal funds.
What were the main causes of the Sino-India War of 1962?
China’s view of India as a challenge to its control over Tibet and the dispute over Aksai Chin and Arunachal Pradesh’s sovereignty.
