35.ISSUE OF LANGUAGE || NEHRU'S FOREIGN POLICY || TRIBAL INTEGRATION Flashcards
What were the three key issues regarding language in India?
The three key issues were the official language of the Union, the national language, and the organization of states based on language.
What language was designated as the official language of India in 1950?
Hindi in the Devanagari script was designated as the official language of India in 1950.
According to Article 343 (1) of the Indian Constitution, what is the official language of the Union Government?
The official language of the Union Government is Hindi in the Devanagari script.
When was English supposed to cease being used for official purposes?
English was supposed to cease being used for official purposes 15 years after the Constitution came into effect, i.e., on January 26, 1965.
Can Parliament make English the official language?
Yes, Parliament has the authority to decide whether or not to make English the official language.
Why did non-Hindi speaking communities protest the switch from English to Hindi?
Non-Hindi speaking communities protested because they felt that Hindi was being imposed as the official language at the expense of other languages.
What did the Official Language Act of 1963 establish?
The Official Language Act of 1963 established Hindi as the official language of the Union in the Devanagari script, with English designated as a “subsidiary official language.”
What does the Indian Constitution allow for regarding official languages in each state?
The Indian Constitution allows each state to choose its official language for state-level communications.
How many languages were initially chosen under the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution?
14 languages were initially chosen under the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution.
Which language was introduced as the 15th language under the 21st Amendment Act of 1967?
Sindhi was introduced as the 15th language under the 21st Amendment Act of 1967.
Which amendment added three more languages to the Eighth Schedule?
The 71st Amendment Act of 1992 added Konkani, Manipuri, and Nepali to the Eighth Schedule.
How many languages were added to the Eighth Schedule under the 92nd Amendment Act of 2003?
Four languages (Bodo, Maithili, Dogri, and Santhali) were added to the Eighth Schedule under the 92nd Amendment Act of 2003.
How many languages are currently listed in the Constitution’s Eighth Schedule?
There are currently 22 languages listed in the Constitution’s Eighth Schedule.
Is Hindi recognized as a national language in India?
No, Hindi is not recognized as a national language in India.
Which language is recognized as the national language in India?
The Constitution or any other law does not define a national language in India.
Do states have to adopt one of the languages mentioned in the Eighth Schedule as their official language?
No, states have the freedom to decide their official language, and it does not have to be one of the languages mentioned in the Eighth Schedule.
Give an example of a state that has a language as its official language that is not mentioned in the Eighth Schedule.
Tripura has Kokborok as its official language, which belongs to the Sino-Tibetan family.
What is the official language of Nagaland and Meghalaya?
English is the official language of Nagaland and Meghalaya.
Is English among the languages listed in the Eighth Schedule?
No, English is not listed among the 22 scheduled languages in the Eighth Schedule.
When was the Department of Official Language established?
The Department of Official Language was established in June 1975 as a separate department under the Ministry of Home Affairs.
When was the Official Language Resolution passed?
The Official Language Resolution was passed on January 18, 1968.
Why was the Official Language Resolution passed?
The Resolution was passed to create a comprehensive program for expanding the use of the Hindi language for official purposes in the Union of India.
What was the aim of the Official Language Resolution regarding the languages listed in the Constitution’s eighth schedule?
The resolution aimed to progress the 14 primary languages (now 22 languages) listed in the Constitution’s eighth schedule.
What is the three-language formula mentioned in the resolution?
The resolution calls for the implementation of the three-language formula across the country.
What are the recommended languages to be studied in the Hindi-speaking regions according to the Official Language Resolution?
The recommended languages to be studied in the Hindi-speaking regions are Hindi, English, and any other modern Indian language, ideally from the southern states.
What are the recommended languages to be studied in the non-Hindi speaking states according to the Official Language Resolution?
The recommended languages to be studied in the non-Hindi speaking states are Hindi, English, and the regional language.
When was the Linguistic Provinces Commission appointed by the Government of India?
The Linguistic Provinces Commission was appointed by the Government of India in June 1948.
What was the recommendation of the Dhar Commission regarding the reorganization of states?
The Dhar Commission recommended the reorganization of states based on administrative convenience rather than the linguistic factor.
Who constituted the JVP Committee and what was their recommendation?
The JVP Committee, consisting of Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallabhbhai Patel, and Pattabhi Sitaramayya, recommended that the reorganization of states should be based on security, unity, and prosperity rather than language.
Which was the first linguistic state created in India?
The first linguistic state created in India was Andhra state, which was formed in October 1953 by separating the Telugu-speaking areas from the Madras state.
Why was the States Reorganisation Commission appointed in December 1953?
The appointment of the States Reorganisation Commission was a result of intensified demands from other regions for the creation of states based on linguistic basis.
Who were the members of the States Reorganisation Commission?
The States Reorganisation Commission was chaired by Fazl Ali and had two other members, K.M. Panikkar and H.N. Kunzru.
When did the States Reorganisation Commission submit its report?
The States Reorganisation Commission submitted its report in September 1955.
Did the commission accept language as the basis for the reorganization of states?
Yes, the commission broadly accepted language as the basis for the reorganization of states.
Did the commission support the “one language-one state” theory?
No, the commission rejected the theory of “one language-one state.”
What were the four major factors considered by the commission in reorganizing the states?
The four major factors considered by the commission were:
a) Preservation and strengthening of the unity and security of the country.
b) Linguistic and cultural homogeneity.
c) Financial, economic, and administrative considerations.
d) Planning and promotion of the welfare of the people in each state as well as of the nation as a whole.
How many states and union territories were created on November 1, 1956, as a result of the States Reorganisation Act (1956)?
On November 1, 1956, 14 states and 6 union territories were created as a result of the States Reorganisation Act (1956) and the 7th Constitutional Amendment Act (1956).
When did the liberation of Goa from Portuguese rule take place?
The liberation of Goa from Portuguese rule happened in 1961.
What was the major challenge for independent India’s leaders in formulating foreign policy?
The major challenge was to pursue an independent foreign policy while keeping the broad parameters evolved during the freedom struggle at the core.
What idea did Nehru shape to guide India’s foreign policy?
Nehru shaped the idea of non-alignment as the guiding principle of India’s foreign policy.
What was the global power center after World War II, and how was the global system divided?
Europe was the global power center, and the global system was divided into two groups: Socialists led by the USSR and Capitalists led by the USA.
How was India’s initial relationship with the USA?
India was initially friendly with the USA.
What was the stance of the USA on the Kashmir issue in the United Nations?
The USA was against India on the Kashmir issue in the United Nations.
What was one thorny issue in India-USA relations?
The issue of food aid being provided by the USA to India was a thorny issue in the bilateral relationship.
Which side did the USA support during the Indo-China War in 1962?
The USA supported India during the Indo-China War in 1962.
What was the motivation behind the USA’s support for India during the war?
The USA’s support for India was largely aimed at attracting India towards its side during the Cold War.
How did the Soviet Union react to India joining the Commonwealth?
The Soviet Union was not very pleased with India joining the Commonwealth.
What are some international organizations that were considered necessary after the postwar period?
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), and the Central Treaty Organization (CENTO) were considered necessary.
Was Pakistan a member of CENTO and SEATO?
Yes, Pakistan was a member of both CENTO and SEATO.
What did the Soviet Union offer to India in terms of military equipment?
The Soviet Union offered military equipment to India.
Did India accept the Soviet Union’s offer of military equipment?
No, India refused the offer.
How did the Soviet Union support India on the Kashmir issue?
The Soviet Union supported India using its veto power on the Kashmir issue in the UN Security Council.
In what way did the Soviet Union assist India in industrial development?
The Soviet Union helped India in establishing heavy industries, including big steel plants such as Bhilai and Bokaro.
What license did the Soviet Union give to a manufacturer in 1962?
The Soviet Union gave the license to the manufacturer of MIG aircrafts in 1962.
Which government in China did independent India establish diplomatic relations with?
Independent India established diplomatic relations with the Nationalist Government of China led by Chiang Kaishek.
What happened in China in 1949 that led to a change in government?
The Communists overthrew the Nationalist Government in China in 1949.
How did India respond to the new government led by Mao Tse Tung?
India was among the first countries to recognize the new government led by Mao Tse Tung.
What efforts did India make to support the People’s Republic of China?
India consistently supported the efforts of the People’s Republic of China to get admitted to the United Nations.
What action did the Chinese army take in Tibet in 1950?
The Chinese army entered Tibet and occupied it in 1950.
What agreement did Nehru conclude with China in 1954 regarding Tibet?
Nehru concluded an agreement with China in 1954, which formalized the Chinese occupation of Tibet. This agreement is known as the Panchsheel Agreement.
How many principles were included in the Panchsheel Agreement?
The Panchsheel Agreement included five principles.
Name three of the five principles of the Panchsheel Agreement.
The three principles of the Panchsheel Agreement are mutual recognition of one another’s sovereignty and territorial integrity, non-aggression pact, and mutual non-interference with each other’s domestic affairs.
When did a popular uprising take place in Tibet against Chinese dominance?
A popular uprising took place in Tibet against Chinese dominance in 1959.
Who fled and sought asylum in India following the uprising in Tibet?
The religious head of Tibet, Dalai Lama, fled and took asylum in India.
What action did China take in 1959 after the Dalai Lama fled?
China occupied Longju and 12,000 square miles of Indian territory in Ladakh.
When did the Chinese prime minister, Chou-En-Lai, visit New Delhi to negotiate border disputes?
The Chinese prime minister, Chou-En-Lai, came to New Delhi in April 1960 to negotiate border disputes.
In which regions did China attack India during the Sino-Indian War in 1962?
China attacked India in NEFA (Arunachal Pradesh) and Ladakh during the Sino-Indian War in 1962.
How did the Sino-Indian War end for India?
The Sino-Indian War ended in a military debacle for India, with China having a geographical advantage and superior arms.
What attempt was made to find a peaceful solution to the Sino-Indian border dispute in December 1962?
An Afro-Asian mediation was conducted by Indonesia, Cambodia, Burma, UAR, Ghana, and Ceylon at Colombo in December 1962 to find a peaceful solution to the Sino-Indian border dispute.
When did China test its first nuclear explosion?
China tested its first nuclear explosion in 1964.
What was a consequence of the Sino-Indian War on India’s self-respect?
The war dealt a big blow to the self-respect of India.
Which policy came under question as a result of the Sino-Indian War?
The policy of non-alignment came under question.
How did the Sino-Indian War impact the Congress party?
The Congress party lost three parliamentary by-elections in a row, and Nehru had to face the first no-confidence motion of his life.
How was the Third Five-Year Plan affected by the Sino-Indian War?
The Third Five-Year Plan was badly affected as resources were diverted for defense.
How did India’s foreign policy change after the war?
India’s foreign policy took a change, and the positive response from the US and the UK during the crisis made them considerations for India.
What action did US intelligence agencies take in response to the Sino-Indian War?
US intelligence agencies developed links in the name of countering the Chinese threat and even planted a nuclear-powered device in the Himalayas.
What event occurred in 1965, encouraged by India’s defeat in the Sino-Indian War?
Pakistan, covertly helped by China and encouraged by India’s defeat in the war, attacked India in 1965.
What happened to the balance of power diplomacy in the industrialized countries after the Second World War?
The balance of power diplomacy of the pre-war years disappeared from the industrialized countries.
What was happening during this time in terms of decolonization?
Decolonization was proceeding at a pace, and more and more independent countries were emerging, mostly in Asia and Africa.
Which superpower had limited economic and military support capability at that time?
The Soviet Union did not possess the economic or military support capability to influence the newly independent countries.
Which side tried to incorporate the newly independent countries into its strategic grouping?
The West tried to incorporate the newly independent countries into its strategic grouping.
Why did most of the newly independent countries reject alignment with the West?
Alignment with the West was economically attractive, but it would have created a dependent relationship, which was seen as obstructive to self-reliant development.
Why was aligning with the communist bloc not possible for India?
India could not visualize a Chinese-type restructuring of society and economy and was more aligned with a liberal democratic political vision.
What are the basic postulates of India’s foreign policy?
The basic postulates of India’s foreign policy are non-interference in the domestic affairs of other countries and the maintenance of its own sovereignty.
What does non-alignment imply?
Non-alignment implies the active refusal of a state to align itself with either party in a dispute between two power blocs.
Where was the first non-aligned movement summit held?
The first non-aligned movement summit was held in Belgrade in 1961 and was attended by 36 Mediterranean and Afro-Asian powers.
What is the characteristic feature of India’s foreign policy?
Non-alignment is the characteristic feature of India’s foreign policy, and India was one of the founder-members of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM).
How did India position itself during the Cold War era?
India remained non-aligned and refused to favor any superpower during the Cold War era.
What are the five criteria of non-alignment?
(i) Following an independent policy based on peaceful co-existence and non-alignment.
(ii) Consistently supporting national freedom movements in other countries.
(iii) Not being a member of multilateral military alliances concluded in the context of superpower conflicts.
(iv) Not conceding military bases in the context of superpower conflicts.
(v) Not being a member of bilateral or regional defense arrangements in the context of superpower politics.
Who were the five pioneering leaders of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)?
(i) President Tito (Josip Broz) of Yugoslavia.
(ii) President Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt.
(iii) President Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana.
(iv) President Sukarno of Indonesia.
(v) Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru of India.
