32.INA II Two Nation Theory and Partition of India Independence Act 1947 Flashcards
Who initially proposed the idea of creating an army out of Indian prisoners of war?
Mohan Singh, an Indian army officer, originally proposed the idea of creating an army out of Indian prisoners of war.
To whom did Mohan Singh turn for help in recruiting Indian prisoners of war?
Mohan Singh turned to the Japanese for help in recruiting Indian prisoners of war.
How many men were ready to join the Indian National Army by the end of 1942?
By the end of 1942, 40,000 men were ready to join the Indian National Army.
When was the first division of the Indian National Army formed?
The first division of the Indian National Army was formed in September 1942.
Who arrived in Singapore and boosted the Indian National Army during the second phase?
Subhash Chandra Bose arrived in Singapore and boosted the Indian National Army during the second phase.
Whom did Subhash Chandra Bose meet in Tokyo under the pseudo name Abid Hussain?
Subhash Chandra Bose met the Japanese prime minister, Tojo, in Tokyo under the pseudo name Abid Hussain.
Where did Rashbehari Bose flee to following the failed revolutionary activities?
Rashbehari Bose fled to Japan in 1915 following the failed revolutionary activities.
What efforts did Rashbehari Bose make in Japan?
Rashbehari Bose made efforts to get the Japanese interested in the Indian independence movement. He became active in Pan-Asian circles, founded the Indian Club of Tokyo, and gave lectures on the evils of Western imperialism.
Where was the conference held where it was decided to place the Indian National Army under the Indian Independence League?
The conference was held in Bangkok, which was under Japanese occupation at the time.
Who was the chairman of the Indian Independence League?
Rashbehari Bose himself was the chairman of the Indian Independence League.
Who transferred the control and leadership of the Indian Independence League and the INA to Subhash Bose?
Rashbehari Bose happily transferred the control and leadership of the Indian Independence League and the INA to Subhash Bose in July 1943.
What role did Rash Behari Bose play in the organization of the Indian National Army?
Rash Behari Bose’s organizational spadework laid the foundation for Subhash Bose to build up the Indian National Army (INA).
When did Subhas Bose become the Supreme Commander of the INA?
Subhas Bose became the Supreme Commander of the INA on August 25.
When did Rashbehari Bose pass away?
Rashbehari Bose’s health deteriorated, and he died on January 21, 1945, at the age of 58.
When was the Provisional Government for Free India formed by Subhas Bose?
The Provisional Government for Free India was formed by Subhas Bose on October 21, 1943, in Singapore.
Who were some members of the Provisional Government for Free India?
H.C. Chatterjee (Finance portfolio), M.A. Aiyar (Broadcasting), Lakshmi Swaminathan (Women Department), and others were members of the Provisional Government for Free India.
Where was the slogan “Give me blood, I will give you freedom” given?
The slogan “Give me blood, I will give you freedom” was given in Malaya.
Where was the slogan “Give me blood, I will give you freedom” given?
The slogan “Give me blood, I will give you freedom” was given in Malaya.
What did the Provisional Government for Free India declare?
The Provisional Government for Free India declared war on Britain and the United States and was recognized by the Axis powers.
What was the name of the women’s regiment formed within the INA?
The women’s regiment formed within the INA was called the Rani Jhansi Regiment.
When was the INA headquarters shifted to Rangoon?
The INA headquarters was shifted to Rangoon in January 1944.
What war cry did the army recruits of the INA march with from Rangoon?
The army recruits of the INA marched from Rangoon with the war cry “Chalo Delhi!” on their lips.
On which date did Subhas Bose address Mahatma Gandhi as ‘Father of Nation’?
Subhas Bose addressed Mahatma Gandhi as ‘Father of Nation’ on July 6, 1944.
What did Subhas Bose ask for from Gandhi in his address?
Subhas Bose asked for Gandhi’s blessings for “India’s last war of independence.”
Which INA battalion accompanied the Japanese Army to the Indo Burma front?
One INA battalion commanded by Shah Nawaz was allowed to accompany the Japanese Army to the Indo Burma front.
What campaign did the INA participate in during their time on the Indo Burma front?
The INA participated in the Imphal campaign during their time on the Indo Burma front.
How did the Japanese treat the Indian soldiers in the INA?
The Indian soldiers in the INA received discriminatory treatment from the Japanese, including being denied rations and arms and being made to do menial work for the Japanese units.
How did the discriminatory treatment from the Japanese affect the morale of the INA units?
The discriminatory treatment from the Japanese disgusted and demoralized the INA units.
On which date did the Azad Hind Fauz cross the Burma border and enter Indian soil?
The Azad Hind Fauz crossed the Burma border and stood on Indian soil on March 18, 1944.
What territories did the INA units advance up to?
The INA units advanced up to Kohima and Imphal.
How long did the INA carry out military administration duties at Moirang?
The INA carried out military administration duties at Moirang for three months.
When did the Allied forces reclaim the territory from the INA?
The Allied forces reclaimed the territory from the INA after three months of their military administration duties at Moirang.
When did the surrender of Japan in the Second World War take place?
The surrender of Japan in the Second World War took place on August 15, 1945.
On which date did Subhas Bose reportedly die in an air crash?
Subhas Bose reportedly died in an air crash on August 18, 1945, in Taipei (Taiwan).
What movement emerged in defense of the INA POWs brought back to India after the war?
A powerful movement known as the INA Trials emerged in defense of the INA POWs brought back to India after the war.
What were the INA Trials also known as?
The INA Trials were also known as the Indian National Army trials and the Red Fort trials.
When did the INA Trials take place?
The INA Trials took place between November 1945 and May 1946.
What were the charges faced by the officers of the Indian National Army during the trials?
The charges included treason, torture, murder, and abetment to murder during the Second World War.
Who organized the defense of INA prisoners in court?
The defense of INA prisoners in court was organized by Bhulabhai Desai, Tej Bahadur Sapru, Kailash Nath Katju, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Asaf Ali.
What support did the Indian National Congress declare for the INA cause?
At the first post-War Congress session in September 1945, the Indian National Congress declared its support for the INA cause.
What activities were carried out by the INA Relief and Enquiry Committee?
The INA Relief and Enquiry Committee distributed small sums of money and food to the affected individuals and helped arrange employment. They also organized fund collection.
When did the courts martial of former personnel of the British Indian Army fighting in the INA ranks or supporting the INA’s activities take place?
The courts martial of former personnel of the British Indian Army took place in 1943 and 1944.
What were the charges in the earlier INA trials?
The charges in the earlier trials were of “Committing a civil offense contrary to the Section 41 of the Indian Army Act, 1911 or the Section 41 of the Burma Army Act,” with the offense specified as “Waging War against the King” contrary to the Section 121 of the Indian Penal Code.
Why was a selective policy adopted for charging the accused in the INA trials?
The large number of INA troops captured by Commonwealth forces made it necessary to adopt a selective policy and charge those accused of the worst allegations.
Who were the defendants in the first joint trial of the INA trials?
The defendants in the first joint trial were Shah Nawaz Khan, Prem Sahgal, and Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon.
Where were the INA trials held?
The decision was made to hold the INA trials at the Red Fort.
What political issue did the Indian National Congress make the release of the three defendants during the INA trials?
The release of the three defendants became an important political issue for the Indian National Congress during the agitation for independence in 1945-46.
What was the purpose of the INA Defence Committee established by the Indian National Congress?
The INA Defence Committee was established to defend the officers of the Indian National Army who were to be charged during the INA trials. They were also responsible for coordinating information on captive INA troops and arranging relief for them after the war.
Who were some of the famous lawyers included in the Congress’ defense team for the INA during the trials?
Some of the famous lawyers included in the defense team were Bhulabhai Desai, Asaf Ali, Sharat Chandra Bose, Tej Bahadur Sapru, and Kailash Nath Katju.
What was the impact of the Red Fort trials on the Indian population?
The Red Fort trials made many Indians familiar with the INA’s fight for independence and generated sympathy for them across the country. This led to demonstrations in solidarity with the captured troops in different parts of India.
How did the Congress perceive the support for the INA soldiers during the trials?
The Congress recognized the widespread support for the INA soldiers as an opportunity to reignite the enthusiasm and desire for independence in the country.
What was the defense argument presented by the INA Defense Committee during the trials?
The defense argued that the actions of the INA troops were legal and within the terms of the Indian National Army Act, making them exempt from the Indian Penal Code and the Indian Army Act.
What was the verdict and punishment given to the three INA members?
The three INA members were found guilty of waging war. They were dismissed from service and sentenced to transportation for life, which was later remitted.
How were the released INA members received by the public and the Congress?
The released INA members were welcomed as heroes, and the Congress fully supported and celebrated their release.
What was the Royal Indian Navy mutiny or revolt?
The Royal Indian Navy mutiny or revolt, also known as the 1946 Naval Uprising, was an insurrection of Indian naval ratings, soldiers, police personnel, and civilians against the British government in India.
When did the Royal Indian Navy mutiny break out?
The mutiny of the Royal Indian Navy (RIN) broke out on February 18, 1946.
What impact did the Royal Indian Navy mutiny have on the British Raj?
The mutiny delivered a mortal blow to the entire structure of the British Raj in India.
Why were the ratings of the RIN resentful of their English superiors?
The ratings of the RIN, having served abroad and being familiar with the outside world, were resentful of the racist behavior of their English superiors.
What was the underlying unrest that contributed to the Royal Indian Navy mutiny?
There was unrest building up in the country, especially over the INA trials, which added to the grievances of the naval ratings.
What action did the ratings of “Talwar” in Bombay harbor take to protest?
On February 18, 1946, the ratings of “Talwar” in Bombay harbor went on a hunger strike to protest against bad food and racial arrogance.
How did the mutiny spread among the naval ships and barracks?
Other ships in the neighborhood followed suit the next day, and the mutiny soon spread to the Castle and the Fort Barracks on the shore.
Who was the head of the Naval Committee elected by the mutineers?
The Naval Committee was headed by MS Khan.
What were the demands made by the mutineers?
The demands made by the mutineers were:
*Release of INA prisoners
*Freedom of all other political prisoners
*Withdrawal of Indian troops from Indo-China and Java
*Better food
*More civilized treatment
*Equal pay for European and Indian Sailors alike
How many ships and shore establishments were involved in the revolt?
The revolt involved 78 ships and 20 shore establishments.
What happened on February 20th during the mutiny?
On February 20th, the ratings in the Barracks were surrounded by armed guards, and the mutineers in the ships were threatened with destruction by British members.
How widespread was the mutiny by February 22nd?
By February 22nd, the mutiny had spread to all naval bases in the country, involving 78 ships, 20 shore establishments, and 20,000 ratings.
What kind of response did the mutineers receive from the public?
The mutineers received unprecedented popular response, with demonstrations of support by Hindu and Muslim students and workers in Karachi, leading to violent clashes with the army and police.
How did the public in Bombay show support for the mutineers?
The public in Bombay expressed emotional sympathy for the mutineers by hailing them, providing them with food, and shopkeepers allowing them to take whatever articles they liked.
Which political parties called for a general strike in support of the mutineers?
The Communists, with the support of the Congress Socialists, called for a general strike on February 22nd in support of the mutineers.
How many workers participated in the general strike despite directives from the Congress and the League?
Despite directives from the Congress and the League, 300,000 workers defied them and came out of factories and mills to take to the streets on February 22nd.
What were the consequences of the mutiny?
Several hundred people died and thousands suffered injuries during the two days of the mutiny. The mutineers received no support from national political leaders, and Mahatma Gandhi condemned the riots and the revolt.
Who persuaded the ratings to surrender, and when did they surrender?
Vallabhbhai Patel and Jinnah jointly persuaded the ratings to surrender on February 23rd.
What assurance was given to the ratings upon their surrender, and was it fulfilled?
The Congress and the League gave an assurance that they would prevent any victimization of the ratings, but this assurance was soon forgotten.
How did the Muslim League view the mutiny?
The Muslim League criticized the mutiny, arguing that the unrest among the sailors should not be expressed on the streets, regardless of the seriousness of their grievances.
According to whom could legitimacy be conferred upon a movement?
Legitimacy could probably be conferred by a recognized political leadership, according to the views expressed.
Besides the INA and RIN agitations, what were some other direct anti-imperialist confrontations taking place?
Other direct anti-imperialist confrontations were taking place contemporaneously in different parts of the country, although not of the same magnitude and significance as the INA and RIN agitations.
Can you provide an example of another protest that took place during that time?
One example is the protest against the government’s decision to cut down ration supplies to the civilian population, which led to 80,000 people demonstrating in Allahabad in mid-February 1946.
Where did a widespread police strike occur under the influence of leftists?
The widespread police strike took place in Malabar, Bihar, eastern Bengal (particularly in Dacca), the Andamans, and even in Delhi.
What action did the postal employees take in July 1946?
The postal employees decided to defy the authorities and went on strike for a period of time in July 1946.
What happened in Calcutta on July 29, 1946?
In Calcutta, people observed a total and peaceful general strike in support of the postal employees’ cause, following the call of the Communists.
What guarantee did the mutineers receive upon surrendering?
Upon surrendering, the mutineers received a guarantee from the Indian National Congress and the All-India Muslim League that none of them would be persecuted.
What precautionary measures were taken after the mutiny?
Precautionary measures included removing firing mechanisms from warships, locking up small arms, and deploying army troops as guards on board warships and shore establishments.
What did Clement Attlee announce following the mutiny?
Clement Attlee announced the Cabinet Mission to India in response to the mutiny.
How did British authorities label the 1946 Indian Naval Mutiny?
British authorities in 1948 branded the mutiny as a “larger communist conspiracy raging from the Middle East to the Far East against the British crown.”
What revelation was made during a seminar discussion in 1967?
During the seminar discussion in 1967, it was revealed by the British High Commissioner at that time, John Freeman, that the mutiny of 1946 had raised fears of another large-scale mutiny similar to the Indian Rebellion of 1857. This revelation indicated that the mutiny was a significant factor in the British decision to leave India.
Who led the attack on the Congress in 1887?
Dufferin, the viceroy, and Colvin, the Lt. Governor of the United Provinces, led the attack on the Congress in 1887.
Who were propped up as an anti-Congress front by the government?
Syed Ahmed Khan and Raja Shiv Prasad of Bhinga were propped up as an anti-Congress front by the government.
Who led the Muslim delegation to Lord Minto in 1906?
Agha Khan led the Muslim delegation, also known as the Shimla delegation, to Lord Minto in 1906.
Who founded the All-India Muslim League?
The All-India Muslim League was founded by Agha Khan, Nawab Salimullah of Dacca, Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk, and Nawab Waqar-ul-Mulk.
What was awarded under the Morley-Minto Reforms in 1909?
Separate electorates were awarded under the Morley-Minto Reforms in 1909.
Who founded the Punjab Hindu Sabha?
The Punjab Hindu Sabha was founded by U.N. Mukherji and Lal Chand.
Who held the first session of All India Hindu Mahasabha in 1915?
The Maharaja of Kasim Bazar held the first session of All India Hindu Mahasabha in 1915.
During which period was the Muslim League dominated by younger Muslim nationalists?
The Muslim League was dominated by younger Muslim nationalists during the period from 1912 to 1924.
