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MODERN HISTORY > 24.Arrival of Gandhiji and his era of Experimentation > Flashcards

24.Arrival of Gandhiji and his era of Experimentation Flashcards

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1
Q

When and where was Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi born?

A

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born on October 2, 1869, in Porbandar, Gujarat, in the princely state of Kathiawar.

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2
Q

Why did Gandhi travel to South Africa in 1893?

A

Gandhi traveled to South Africa in 1893 in connection with a case involving his client, Dada Abdullah.

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3
Q

What did Gandhi witness in South Africa that influenced his actions?

A

In South Africa, Gandhi witnessed white racism and the mistreatment of Asians, which motivated him to fight for their rights.

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4
Q

Why did Gandhi choose to stay in South Africa?

A

Gandhi chose to remain in South Africa to organize Indian workers and help them fight for their rights.

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5
Q

When was the honorific “Mahatma” first applied to Gandhi?

A

The honorific “Mahatma” was first applied to Gandhi in South Africa in 1914.

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6
Q

How long did Gandhi spend in South Africa?

A

Gandhi spent 20 years of his life, from 1893 to 1914, in South Africa working as an attorney and public worker.

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7
Q

How were the Indians in South Africa divided into groups?

A

The Indians in South Africa were divided into three groups: indentured Indian laborers, merchants, and ex-indentured laborers who had settled down.

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8
Q

What challenges did Indian immigrants in South Africa face?

A

Indian immigrants in South Africa faced challenges such as racial discrimination, inability to vote, and restricted living conditions in designated areas.

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9
Q

What were the living conditions for Indians in South Africa?

A

Indians in South Africa were confined to unsanitary and congested designated areas.

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10
Q

What restrictions were placed on Asians and Africans in some colonies in South Africa?

A

Asians and Africans in some colonies were unable to leave their homes after dark and were not allowed to use public footpaths.

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11
Q

What idea did Gandhi develop in South Africa?

A

In South Africa, Gandhi developed the idea of Satyagraha, a nonviolent resistance movement.

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12
Q

What law did Gandhi use Satyagraha against in South Africa?

A

Gandhi used Satyagraha against the Asiatic Registration Law in South Africa.

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13
Q

What was the outcome of Gandhi’s resistance against the Asiatic Registration Law?

A

Gandhi’s resistance against the Asiatic Registration Law resulted in his first jail sentence.

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14
Q

How did Gandhi initially address the grievances of Indians in South Africa?

A

During this period, Gandhi relied on petitions and memorials to South African and British authorities to address the grievances of Indians.

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15
Q

Why did Gandhi found the Natal Indian Congress in South Africa?

A

Gandhi founded the Natal Indian Congress to unite various sections of Indians and work towards their common interests.

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16
Q

What newspaper did Gandhi launch in South Africa?

A

Gandhi launched the newspaper Indian Opinion in South Africa.

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17
Q

How long did Gandhi stay in South Africa?

A

Gandhi remained in South Africa until 1914 when he returned to India.

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18
Q

Where did the Champaran Satyagraha take place?

A

The Champaran Satyagraha took place in the Champaran district of Bihar.

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19
Q

What were the peasants in Champaran forced to grow by European planters?

A

The peasants in Champaran were forced to grow indigo and other cash crops instead of food crops.

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20
Q

What was the Tinkathia system in Champaran?

A

The Tinkathia system in Champaran allocated 3/20 of the total land area for indigo cultivation by European planters.

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21
Q

Why did the peasants face financial hardships in Champaran?

A

The European planters demanded high rents and illegal dues from the peasants, and the peasants were forced to sell their produce at low prices set by Europeans.

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22
Q

What was the response of the British government to the peasants’ plight in Champaran?

A

Despite a devastating famine, the British government imposed heavy taxes and insisted on raising the rates for the peasants.

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23
Q

Who invited Gandhi to investigate the problems of farmers in Champaran?

A

Rajkumar Shukla, a local, invited Gandhi to investigate the problems of farmers in Champaran.

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24
Q

How did Gandhi respond to the authorities’ order to leave Champaran?

A

Gandhi defied the order and chose to face the consequences, practicing passive resistance or civil disobedience.

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25
Q

What were the outcomes of the Champaran Satyagraha?

A

The tinkathia system was abolished, peasants were compensated for illegal dues, and the planters eventually abandoned the area. It was India’s first successful battle of civil disobedience.

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26
Q

Who were some other prominent leaders associated with the Champaran Satyagraha?

A

Brajkishore Prasad, Anugrah Narayan Sinha, Ramnavmi Prasad, and Shambhusharan Varma were prominent leaders associated with the Champaran Satyagraha.

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27
Q

Which movement inspired the Champaran Satyagraha?

A

The Champaran Satyagraha was inspired by Mahatma Gandhi and was the first Satyagraha movement launched in India.

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28
Q

What was the condition of the peasants in Champaran during the famine?

A

The peasants in Champaran were in the grip of a devastating famine, struggling with food scarcity and poverty.

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29
Q

How did the British government respond to the famine-stricken peasants in Champaran?

A

Despite the famine, the British government imposed a heavy tax on the peasants and insisted on raising the rate.

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30
Q

How did the peasants in Champaran revolt against the government?

A

The peasants revolted against the government’s imposition of indigo plant cultivation in 1914 (at Pipra) and 1916 (Turkaulia).

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31
Q

Who invited Mahatma Gandhi to investigate the problems of farmers in Champaran?

A

Rajkumar Shukla, a local, invited Mahatma Gandhi to investigate the problems of farmers in the context of indigo planters in Champaran, Bihar.

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32
Q

What happened when Gandhi arrived in Champaran with a group of companions?

A

The authorities ordered Gandhi to leave immediately upon his arrival in Champaran.

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33
Q

How did Gandhi respond to the authorities’ order to leave Champaran?

A

Gandhi defied the order and chose to face the consequences, practicing passive resistance or civil disobedience.

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34
Q

What was the outcome of Gandhi’s defiance?

A

The authorities eventually relented and allowed Gandhi to conduct an investigation in Champaran.

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35
Q

What were some of the achievements of the Champaran Satyagraha?

A

Gandhi persuaded the authorities to abolish the tinkathia system and compensate the peasants for the illegal dues. As a compromise, the planters were compensated for only 25% of the money taken

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36
Q

What was the long-term impact of the Champaran Satyagraha?

A

Within a decade, the planters abandoned the area, and Gandhi’s civil disobedience marked India’s first successful battle.

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37
Q

Who were some other prominent leaders associated with the Champaran Satyagraha?

A

Brajkishore Prasad, Anugrah Narayan Sinha, Ramnavmi Prasad, and Shambhusharan Varma were prominent leaders associated with the Champaran Satyagraha.

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38
Q

Where and when did the first Satyagraha movement take place?

A

The first Satyagraha movement, inspired by Mahatma Gandhi, took place in the Champaran district of Bihar in 1917.

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39
Q

Why did the workers in Ahmedabad’s textile mills go on strike in 1918?

A

The workers went on strike in 1918 after the mill owners discontinued their plague bonuses, and the workers fought for economic justice.

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40
Q

What role did Mahatma Gandhi play in the Ahmedabad Mill Strike?

A

Mahatma Gandhi intervened in the dispute between the workers and mill owners and led a hunger strike to force a compromise.

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41
Q

Who approached Gandhi for assistance in the Ahmedabad Mill Strike?

A

Anusuya Sarabhai, a social worker and sister of Ambalal Sarabhai, approached Gandhi for assistance in fighting for justice in the strike.

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42
Q

Why did Anusuya Sarabhai ask Gandhi to intervene in the strike?

A

Anusuya Sarabhai asked Gandhi to intervene because he was respected by both the mill owners and the workers, and she believed he could help resolve the impasse.

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43
Q

Why did Gandhi support the workers in the Ahmedabad Mill Strike, despite his friendship with Ambalal?

A

Gandhi supported the workers’ cause for economic justice, even though he was friends with Ambalal, one of the mill owners.

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44
Q

What demand did Gandhi make on behalf of the workers during the strike?

A

Gandhi called on the workers to demand a 35% increase in wages, instead of the initially proposed 50% increase

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45
Q

How did Gandhi advise the workers to conduct themselves during the strike?

A

Gandhi advised the workers to remain nonviolent throughout the strike.

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46
Q

What action did Gandhi take when negotiations with the mill owners failed?

A

Gandhi embarked on his first fast unto death to strengthen the workers’ resolve and put pressure on the mill owners.

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47
Q

What was the outcome of Gandhi’s fast and the subsequent negotiations?

A

The mill owners agreed to refer the matter to a tribunal, and the strike was called off. The tribunal eventually awarded the workers a 35% wage increase.

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48
Q

How did Gandhi’s involvement in the strike shape his relationship with the masses?

A

Gandhi’s involvement in the strike brought him into close contact with the masses, and he actively promoted their interests throughout his life. He became associated with poor India, nationalist India, and rebellious India.

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49
Q

What is the significance of the Kheda Satyagraha of 1918?

A

It is known as the first non-cooperation movement led by Mahatma Gandhi.

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50
Q

What was the situation faced by the farmers in the Kheda district?

A

They were in distress due to crop failure.

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51
Q

How did the government respond to the farmers’ situation?

A

The government refused to remit land revenue and insisted on collecting it in full.

52
Q

What was Mahatma Gandhi’s advice to the peasants?

A

He advised them to withhold payment of revenue until their demand for its remission was met.

53
Q

What led to the end of the struggle during the Kheda Satyagraha?

A

The government issued instructions to recover revenue only from those peasants who could afford to pay, leading to the calling off of the struggle.

54
Q

Who became a follower of Mahatma Gandhi during the Kheda movement?

A

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel.

55
Q

What caused the crop failure in the Kheda district?

A

Drought in 1918.

56
Q

What remission were the farmers entitled to under the Revenue Code?

A

They were entitled to remission if the yield was less than one-fourth of the normal produce.

57
Q

Who comprised the Gujarat Sabha?

A

The Gujarat Sabha comprised of peasants.

58
Q

What did the Gujarat Sabha petition to the highest governing authorities?

A

They petitioned to suspend the revenue assessment for 1919.

59
Q

How did the government respond to the petition?

A

The government remained steadfast and threatened to seize the farmers’ property if taxes were not paid.

60
Q

What did Gandhi request the farmers to do regarding taxes?

A

Gandhi requested that the farmers not pay the taxes.

61
Q

Who provided political leadership and organized the villagers during the Kheda Satyagraha?

A

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and a group of devoted Gandhians, including Narahari Parikh, Mohanlal Pandya, and Ravi Shankar Vyas.

62
Q

What communities supported the tax revolt in Kheda?

A

Kheda’s various ethnic and caste communities supported the tax revolt.

63
Q

What was notable about the discipline and unity during the revolt?

A

The revolt was notable for its adherence to discipline and unity.

64
Q

What happened when the government seized the farmers’ property for non-payment of taxes?

A

Despite the seizure of property, the majority of Kheda’s farmers remained loyal to Sardar Patel.

65
Q

How did the Gujaratis in other parts of the state support the revolt?

A

They assisted by sheltering the protesting peasants’ relatives and property.

66
Q

What happened to those Indians who attempted to purchase the confiscated lands?

A

They were socially shunned.

67
Q

What agreement did the government reach with the farmers?

A

The government agreed to suspend the tax for the current year and the following year, reduce the rate increase, and return all confiscated property.

68
Q

What were the greatest achievements of the Kheda Satyagraha movement?

A

The movement’s greatest achievements were remaining nonviolent, educating peasants about their rights, and the community’s steadfast demand for a tax holiday.

69
Q

What impact did the Kheda Satyagraha have on the peasantry?

A

The struggle at Kheda sparked a new wave of awakening among the peasantry, making them realize the importance of complete independence for freedom from injustice and exploitation.

70
Q

In which year did Gandhi conduct the Champaran experiment?

A

1917.

71
Q

What was the political lab for the Champaran experiment?

A

Champaran.

72
Q

What concept did Gandhi test during the Champaran experiment?

A

Satyagrah.

73
Q

Who were the members of Gandhi’s team during the Champaran experiment?

A

Dr. Rajendra Prasad and J. B. Kriplani.

74
Q

In which year did Gandhi conduct the Ahmedabad experiment?

A

1918.

75
Q

What was the method Gandhi used during the Ahmedabad experiment?

A

Non-violence Hunger Strike.

76
Q

What was the result of the Ahmedabad experiment?

A

Success.

77
Q

In which year did Gandhi conduct the Kheda experiment?

A

1918.

78
Q

What concepts did Gandhi test during the Kheda experiment?

A

Non-Co-operation and Civil Disobedience.

79
Q

Who was a prominent member of Gandhi’s team during the Kheda experiment?

A

Vallabh Bhai Patel.

80
Q

What was the Government of India Act (1919) also known as?

A

Montague-Chelmsford Reforms.

81
Q

Who submitted a report with recommendations for the Government of India Act (1919)?

A

Edwin Montagu.

82
Q

What was Edwin Montagu’s aim for the development of institutions in India?

A

Gradual development of free institutions leading to ultimate self-government.

83
Q

What was Lord Chelmsford’s advice regarding Indian participation in government?

A

To strengthen Indian participation in every aspect of government and create self-governing institutions.

84
Q

Whose ideas were accepted by the Cabinet regarding the Government of India Act (1919)?

A

Lord Chelmsford’s ideas.

85
Q

When was the Government of India Act (1919) enforced?

A

1921.

86
Q

Who was made the Chief executive Authority under the Government of India Act (1919)?

A

The Governor-General of India.

87
Q

How many Indians were included in the Executive Council under the Government of India Act (1919)?

A

Three out of eight.

88
Q

What was the power of the legislature regarding bill passage under the Government of India Act (1919)?

A

The legislature could not pass any bill without the assent of the Viceroy.

89
Q

What was the composition of the lower house (Central Legislative Assembly) under the Government of India Act (1919)?

A

It consisted of 145 members, with 41 nominated and 104 elected.

90
Q

How long was the tenure of the lower house under the Government of India Act (1919)?

A

3 years.

91
Q

How many members were nominated in the lower house under the Government of India Act (1919)?

A

41 members (26 officials and 15 non-official members).

92
Q

How many members were there in the Upper House (Council of States) under the Government of India Act (1919)?

A

60 members.

93
Q

What was the tenure of the Upper House under the Government of India Act (1919)?

A

5 years.

94
Q

Were there any female members in the Upper House under the Government of India Act (1919)?

A

No, only male members were allowed.

95
Q

How many nominated members were there in the Upper House under the Government of India Act (1919)?

A

26 members.

96
Q

How many elected members were there in the Upper House under the Government of India Act (1919)?

A

34 members (20 General, 10 Muslims, 3 Europeans, and 1 Sikh).

97
Q

What powers did the legislators have under the Government of India Act (1919)?

A

They could ask questions, pass adjournment motions, and vote on a part of the budget, but 75% of the budget was still not votable.

98
Q

What powers did the legislators have under the Government of India Act (1919)?

A

They could ask questions, pass adjournment motions, and vote on a part of the budget, but 75% of the budget was still not votable.

99
Q

What was introduced at the Provincial Level under the Government of India Act (1919)?

A

Dyarchy, a dual set of governments where one set is accountable and the other is not.

100
Q

Who was the head of the Provincial Level government under the Government of India Act (1919)?

A

The Governor-General.

101
Q

How were subjects divided under the Government of India Act (1919)?

A

Subjects were divided into ‘central subjects’ and ‘provincial subjects’

102
Q

How were the provincial government’s subjects further divided under the Government of India Act (1919)?

A

They were divided into reserved subjects and transferred subjects.

103
Q

Who supervised the reserved subjects under the Government of India Act (1919)?

A

The British Governor of the province.

104
Q

Who was assigned the transferred subjects under the Government of India Act (1919)?

A

The Indian Ministers of the province.

105
Q

Name some subjects that were included in the Transferred List under the Government of India Act (1919).

A

Local self-government, public works, sanitation, industrial research, establishment of new companies.

106
Q

Name some subjects that were included in the Reserved List under the Government of India Act (1919).

A

Justice Administration, Press, Revenue, Forests, Labour Dispute Settlements, Water, Agricultural Loans, Police, Prisons.

107
Q

Who governed the reserved subjects under the Government of India Act (1919)?

A

The Governor-General through the executive council.

108
Q

What was the composition of the executive council that governed the reserved subjects?

A

It mostly consisted of bureaucrats.

109
Q

What was the extent of interference by the Secretary of State and the Governor-General in matters covered by the reserved and transferred lists?

A

They had limited authority to interfere in matters covered by the transferred list, but they had more authority in matters covered by the reserved list.

110
Q

How was the administration of the transferred subjects carried out?

A

It was administered by the Ministers nominated from elected members of the legislative council.

111
Q

What could the governor do in the event of a failure of constitutional machinery under the Government of India Act (1919)?

A

The governor could take over the transferred subjects as well.

112
Q

What were some of the key defects of the Government of India Act (1919)?

A

The element of responsible government was missing at the Central level, and it further developed a sense of communalism by representing specific castes and religions.

113
Q

Who were given voting rights under the Government of India Act (1919)?

A

Only a handful of people.

114
Q

What control over finances and bureaucrats were the provincial ministers not given under the Government of India Act (1919)?

A

They were not given any control over finances and bureaucrats.

115
Q

Were the ministers consulted on important matters under the Government of India Act (1919)?

A

They were often not consulted on important matters.

116
Q

Could the governor overrule the decisions taken by the council of ministers under the Government of India Act (1919)?

A

Yes, the governor had the power to overrule the decisions taken by the council of ministers.

117
Q

What powers did the elected Indian ministers have under the Government of India Act (1919)?

A

The elected Indian ministers were given no real powers.

118
Q

Was there a provision for review in the Act?

A

Yes, there was a provision for review every 10 years.

119
Q

How was the Government of India Act (1919) perceived by the Indian National Congress?

A

It was deemed unsatisfactory and disappointing by the Indian National Congress.

120
Q

What did Tilak and Annie Besant think of the Government of India Act (1919)?

A

Tilak called it “unworthy and disappointing” and Annie Besant said it was unworthy for England to offer and India to accept.

121
Q

On the 22nd of May 1919, what symbolic act of protest did Rabindranath Tagore undertake in response to the Jallianwala Bagh massacre?

A

Rabindranath Tagore resigned his British knighthood as a symbolic act of protest.

122
Q

When was the Disorders Inquiry Committee formed?

A

The Disorders Inquiry Committee was formed on October 14, 1919.

123
Q

What was the committee later called?

A

The committee was later called the Hunter Commission.

124
Q

What was the purpose of the Hunter Commission?

A

The Hunter Commission was tasked with investigating the justification of the government’s actions during the massacre.

125
Q

Who were interrogated by the Hunter Commission?

A

All British officials involved in the administration during the Amritsar disturbances, including General Dyer and Mr. Irving, were interrogated.

126
Q

What movement did the Jallianwala Bagh massacre inspire?

A

The massacre inspired Mahatma Gandhi to launch the Non-Cooperation Movement.

127
Q

What was the outcome for General Dyer as a result of the investigation?

A

The Hunter Commission censured General Dyer and ordered him to resign from the military in 1920.

MODERN HISTORY (39 decks)

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