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MODERN HISTORY > 25.Khilafat Movement and Non Cooperation Movement > Flashcards

25.Khilafat Movement and Non Cooperation Movement Flashcards

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1
Q

When were the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movements formed?

A

The Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movements were formed in 1919-1922.

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2
Q

What was the purpose of the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movements?

A

The purpose of these movements was to oppose British rule in India through nonviolence and non-cooperation.

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3
Q

Who led the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movements?

A

The movements were led by Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali (Ali brothers), Abul Kalam Azad, Hasrat Mohani, and others.

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4
Q

What were the causes that led to the formation of these movements?

A

The causes included the injustice faced by Turkey at the hands of Britain in the First World War, the Rowlatt Act, martial law in Punjab, the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, the failure of the Hunter Commission’s report, dissatisfaction with the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms, and the deteriorating economic situation in India post-war.

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5
Q

How did the British public respond to General Dyer’s actions during the Jallianwala Bagh massacre?

A

The British public showed solidarity with General Dyer by supporting The Morning Post’s fundraising efforts, raising 30,000 pounds for him.

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6
Q

What were the key features of the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms?

A

The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms introduced the Dyarchy scheme, which failed to meet the growing demand for self-government in India.

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7
Q

What impact did the economic situation have on anti-British sentiment?

A

The post-war economic hardships, such as rising commodity prices, decreased output of Indian industries, increased taxes and rents, contributed to the growth of anti-British sentiment in India.

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8
Q

Who did Muslims regard as their spiritual leader during the Khilafat issue?

A

Muslims regarded Turkey’s Sultan, Khalifa, as their spiritual leader (Caliph).

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9
Q

Which side did Turkey take during World War I?

A

Turkey sided with Germany and Austria against the British during World War I.

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10
Q

Why did Indian Muslims support the government during World War I?

A

Indian Muslims supported the government with the understanding that the sacred sites of the Ottoman Empire would remain under the control of the Khalifa.

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11
Q

What happened to the Ottoman Empire and the Khalifa after World War I?

A

After the war, the Ottoman Empire was divided, Turkey was dismembered, and the Khalifa was deposed.

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12
Q

Who founded the Khilafat Movement in opposition to the British government?

A

The Khilafat Movement was founded by the Ali brothers, Shoukat Ali and Mohammad Ali.

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13
Q

When was the All India Khilafat Committee formed and by whom?

A

The All India Khilafat Committee was formed in early 1919 by the Ali Brothers, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Ajmal Khan, M.A Ansari, and Hasrat Mohani.

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14
Q

What was the outcome of the All India Khilafat Conference held in November 1919?

A

The All India Khilafat Conference issued a call to boycott British goods, laying the groundwork for a nationwide uprising.

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15
Q

What were the initial actions of the Khilafat leaders in their support for the Khilafat?

A

The Khilafat leaders initially engaged in meetings, petitions, and deputations to express their support for the Khilafat.

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16
Q

What kind of movement emerged later among the Khilafat leaders?

A

A militant movement emerged among the Khilafat leaders, demanding active agitation and the cessation of all cooperation with the British.

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17
Q

What call was issued at the All India Khilafat Conference in November 1919?

A

At the All India Khilafat Conference, a call for a boycott of British goods was issued.

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18
Q

What condition did the Khilafat leaders set regarding their cooperation with the government?

A

The Khilafat leaders stated that unless the post-war peace terms were favorable to Turkey, they would cease all cooperation with the government.

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19
Q

Who saw the Khilafat issue as a platform for mass non-cooperation against the government?

A

Gandhi, the president of the All India Khilafat Committee, saw the Khilafat issue as a platform for mass and united non-cooperation against the government.

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20
Q

What did Gandhi declare in February 1920 regarding the Khilafat issue?

A

Gandhi declared that if the terms of the peace treaty did not satisfy Indian Muslims, he would soon lead a non-cooperation movement, considering the Khilafat issue more significant than the issues of Punjab wrongs and constitutional advancement.

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21
Q

When and where did the Congress approve a non-cooperation programme?

A

The Congress approved a non-cooperation programme at a special session in Calcutta in September 1920.

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22
Q

Who presided over the Special Session in Calcutta?

A

Lala Lajpat Rai presided over the Special Session in Calcutta.

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23
Q

What were the two stages included in the non-cooperation programme?

A

The first stage involved the renunciation of government honors and titles, while the second stage included mass civil disobedience, such as resignation from government service and nonpayment of taxes.

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24
Q

What were some of the boycotts proposed in the programme?

A

The programme called for the boycott of government schools and colleges, boycott of law courts in favor of justice being administered through Panchayats, and boycott of Legislative Councils.

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25
Q

Were there any differences regarding the boycott of Legislative Councils?

A

Yes, there were differences among the leaders, but most of them ultimately agreed to include the boycott of Legislative Councils.

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26
Q

What was the recommended action regarding cloth in the programme?

A

The programme recommended boycotting foreign cloth in favor of khadi (hand-spun cloth) and practicing hand-spinning.

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27
Q

What were the main focuses of the Non-cooperation Movement?

A

The main focuses of the Non-cooperation Movement were boycotting schools, colleges, and law courts, increasing the use of the Charkha (spinning wheel), and promoting the use of items made in the country.

28
Q

What actions did students take during the movement?

A

Students stopped going to schools and colleges that were run by the British government.

29
Q

What was the impact of the movement on the working class?

A

The working class went on strike in many towns and cities, resulting in 396 strikes involving 600,000 workers and a loss of 7 million workdays in 1921.

30
Q

What were some examples of actions taken in the countryside during the movement?

A

In northern Andhra, hill tribes violated forest laws, farmers in Awadh refused to pay taxes, and peasants in Kumaun refused to carry loads for British officials.

31
Q

Which prominent lawyers gave up their practices as part of the movement?

A

Prominent lawyers such as C.R. Das, Motilal Nehru, C. Rajagopalachari, M.R. Jayakar, Saifuddin Kitchlew, and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel gave up their practices.

32
Q

How was the Non-Cooperation movement financed?

A

The Non-Cooperation movement was financed by the Tilak Swaraj Fund.

33
Q

What were the demands of the Non-Cooperation movement?

A

The demands of the movement included Swaraj (self-rule), redressal of Punjab wrongs, and resolution of the Khilafat issue.

34
Q

When did the Non-Cooperation movement start and end?

A

The Non-Cooperation movement started in January 1920 and ran until February 1922.

35
Q

What were some of the local struggles that arose during the movement?

A

Local struggles included the Awadh Kisan Movement in Uttar Pradesh, the Eka Movement in Uttar Pradesh, the Mappila Revolt in Malabar, and the Sikh agitation for the removal of mahants in Punjab.

36
Q

When was the Nagpur Session held?

A

The Nagpur Session was held in December 1920.

37
Q

Who presided over the Nagpur Session?

A

C. Vijayaraghavachariar presided over the Nagpur Session.

38
Q

What decision was made regarding the non-cooperation programme at the Nagpur Session?

A

The non-cooperation programme was endorsed and embraced at the Nagpur Session.

39
Q

What significant change was made in the Congress creed at the Nagpur Session?

A

The Congress decided to achieve swaraj (self-government) through peaceful and legitimate means, committing itself to an extra-constitutional mass struggle, rather than constitutional means.

40
Q

What was formed to lead the Congress from now on?

A

A Congress Working Committee (CWC) of 15 members was formed to lead the Congress

41
Q

How were the Provincial Congress Committees formed?

A

Provincial Congress Committees were formed on a linguistic basis.

42
Q

What was the reduced entry fee for joining the Congress?

A

The entry fee was reduced to four annas.

43
Q

According to Gandhi, what would happen if the non-cooperation programme was fully implemented?

A

Gandhi declared that if the non-cooperation programme was fully implemented, swaraj would be achieved within a year.

44
Q

What was the impact of the Non-Cooperation Movement on the import of foreign clothes and items?

A

The Non-Cooperation Movement led to a boycott of foreign clothes and items, resulting in a reduction of imports by almost 45%.

45
Q

What was the state of Hindu-Muslim unity during the Non-Cooperation Movement?

A

Hindu-Muslim unity was at its strongest during the Non-Cooperation Movement.

46
Q

How did the Non-Cooperation Movement contribute to the popularity of Congress?

A

The Non-Cooperation Movement led to a rise in the popularity of Congress.

47
Q

What effect did the Non-Cooperation Movement have on the political consciousness of the citizens?

A

The Non-Cooperation Movement increased the political consciousness of the citizens, raising awareness of their political rights.

48
Q

Which sections of society participated in the Non-Cooperation Movement?

A

The Non-Cooperation Movement saw participation from various walks of life, including students, peasants, businessmen, and women.

49
Q

When did the Chauri Chaura incident take place?

A

The Chauri Chaura incident took place on February 5th, 1922.

50
Q

Where did the Chauri Chaura incident occur?

A

The Chauri Chaura incident occurred in Chauri-Chaura, Gorakhpur district, Uttar Pradesh, India.

51
Q

What led to the Chauri Chaura incident?

A

The Chauri Chaura incident was triggered when the police attempted to stop a procession of Congress and Khilafat activists.

52
Q

What happened during the Chauri Chaura incident?

A

During the incident, some activists attacked the police, prompting the police to open fire. In retaliation, the entire procession attacked the police and set fire to the police station, resulting in the death of all occupants.

53
Q

How did the Chauri Chaura incident impact the Non-Cooperation Movement?

A

The Chauri Chaura incident shocked Gandhi, leading him to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement. It also caused disintegration, disorganization, and demoralization among nationalist ranks.

54
Q

What was Gandhi’s response to the Chauri Chaura incident?

A

Gandhi considered the incident a “Himalayan Blunder” and postponed the civil disobedience at Bardoli. He was later sentenced to six years in prison for his involvement in protesting the British colonial government in India.

55
Q

Who were the leaders advocating an end to the boycott of legislative councils?

A

C.R. Das, Motilal Nehru, and Ajmal Khan were the leaders advocating an end to the boycott of legislative councils.

56
Q

What was the objective of the leaders advocating an end to the boycott of legislative councils?

A

They wanted to enter the legislative councils to expose their weaknesses and use them as a platform for political struggle.

57
Q

What were the leaders advocating an end to the boycott of legislative councils called?

A

They were known as the “Swarajists.”

58
Q

Who were the leaders opposing council entry and advocating continuation of boycott and non-cooperation?

A

C. Rajagopalachari, Vallabhbhai Patel, Rajendra Prasad, and M.A. Ansari were the leaders opposing council entry and advocating continuation of boycott and non-cooperation. They were referred to as the “No-Changers.”

59
Q

What happened at the Gaya session of the Congress in December 1922?

A

The Swarajists’ proposal of “ending or mending” the councils was defeated at the Gaya session of the Congress.

60
Q

What did C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru do after the Gaya session of the Congress?

A

C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru resigned from their positions in the Congress and formed the Congress-Khilafat Swarajya Party or Swarajist Party, with C.R. Das as the president and Motilal Nehru as one of the secretaries.

61
Q

What were the key demands of the Swaraj Party?

A

The key demands of the Swaraj Party were speedy attainment of dominion status, attaining Swaraj or self-rule, and taking control of local and provincial level government.

62
Q

In which elections did the Swaraj Party rise as the largest party?

A

The Swaraj Party rose as the largest party in the elections of 1923.

63
Q

Who was elected as the first Indian President of the Central legislative Assembly?

A

Vitthalbhai Patel was elected as the first Indian President of the Central legislative Assembly.

64
Q

How did the Swaraj Party fill a political void?

A

The Swaraj Party filled a political void by exposing the hollowness of the Montford scheme, demonstrating how councils could be used creatively, and regaining strength for the national movement.

65
Q

Initially, what was Gandhi’s stance on Swarajist council entry?

A

Initially, Gandhi opposed Swarajist council entry.

66
Q

What led Gandhi to move toward reconciliation with the Swarajists?

A

Gandhi’s gradual move toward reconciliation with the Swarajists was influenced by their courageous and uncompromising approach, which convinced him that they would not become just another limb of colonial administration.

67
Q

When did both sides agree that the Swarajists would work in the councils as an integral part of the Congress?

A

Both sides agreed in 1924, and this agreement was ratified at the Congress session in Belgaum in December 1924, which Gandhi presided over for the first time.

MODERN HISTORY (39 decks)

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