33.Post Independence History - I Flashcards
What was the significance of August 15, 1947?
It marked the end of India’s colonial subjugation and the beginning of independence.
When did the Constituent Assembly of India meet?
The Constituent Assembly of India met on August 14, 1947.
Who presided over the session of the Constituent Assembly?
Rajendra Prasad presided over the session of the Constituent Assembly.
Where was the historic speech given by Jawaharlal Nehru?
The historic speech by Jawaharlal Nehru was given in the Constituent Assembly (in Parliament House) at midnight of August 14-15, 1947.
What did Nehru refer to in his speech?
Nehru referred to the “tryst with destiny” and the time for India to redeem its pledge to freedom and independence.
What was the dominant sector of the Indian economy before independence?
The Indian economy was mainly agrarian before independence.
What percentage of the population relied on agriculture for their living?
About 85% of the country’s people relied on agriculture for their living.
Why was the agricultural productivity low in absolute terms?
Due to overcrowding and a lack of technological advancements, the agricultural productivity was low.
Who benefited from the profits of the agriculture sector?
The profits from the agriculture sector flowed to the zamindars (landlords) rather than the cultivators.
What were the main reasons for poor agricultural output and efficiency?
Low levels of technology, a lack of irrigation systems, and a lack of fertilizer application contributed to poor agricultural output and efficiency.
How did the commercialization of agriculture affect farmers?
The commercialization of agriculture did not significantly improve the economic situation of farmers because they were growing cash crops primarily for British companies.
What did India wake up to at the stroke of midnight on August 15, 1947?
India woke up to life and freedom at the stroke of midnight on August 15, 1947.
What effect did the post-independence division have on India’s agricultural output?
A significant chunk of well-irrigated and fertile land moved to Pakistan, reducing India’s agricultural output, particularly in the jute industry.
What percentage of land was under the control of zamindars?
70% of land was under the control of zamindars (landlords).
Why was Indian agriculture labor-intensive and underdeveloped?
The agricultural land was fragmented, leading to labor-intensive practices and underdevelopment.
How was the peasantry affected in terms of taxation?
The peasantry was heavily taxed, contributing to their impoverishment.
What was the uneven distribution of land and population between India and Pakistan?
India received 77% of the land with 82% of the population, while Pakistan received 23% of the land with 18% of the population.
What type of policies favored colonial masters in pre-independence India?
Policies like trade and currency were geared towards favoring the colonial masters.
What was the state of capital goods manufacturing and bureaucratic access to power in India?
There was a virtual absence of capital goods manufacturing, and access to power through bureaucracy was limited to the elite class.
What was the literacy rate in India in 1947?
The literacy rate in 1947 was around 12% of the population.
Despite having a tradition of producing high-quality handicrafts, what was the state of India’s industrial base?
India was unable to create a sound industrial base, and no modern industrial base was allowed to take its place.
What was the purpose of the deindustrialization policy implemented by the British in India?
The purpose was to lower India’s status to that of a mere exporter of raw materials for Britain’s emerging modern industries and to convert India into a market for British goods.
What were the consequences of the decline of India’s indigenous handcraft industries?
The decline resulted in widespread unemployment and rural suffering.
Where were most textile mills for cotton and jute located in India?
They were mostly located in Maharashtra and Gujarat, in the western half of the country.