3.1.2 Industrialised and Post Industrialised Britain (1780-1900)

Question 1

HITFOR

Answer 1

Poor health, lack of income, lack of time, lack of facilities, overcrowding and loss of rights

Question 2

Urbanisation

Answer 2

Large numbers of people migrating/ moving from rural areas into towns and cities, seeking regular work in the factories

Question 3

How did urbanisation develop sport?

Answer 3

Urbanisation means a large working class population needed entertaining, resulting in mass spectator numbers at football and rugby matches for the first time

Question 4

How did railways develop sport?

Answer 4

. Movement of teams/spectators - nationwide fixtures developing on a regular basis
. Improved access to different parts of the country - leagues were able to be formed involving clubs from across the country
. Cheaper train travel - led to working classes following their teams home and away
. Improved access to the countryside - activities in rural areas were reachable and affordable

Question 5

Rational recreation

Answer 5

In the nineteenth century, these were sport pastimes for the lower classes which were designed by the middle classes to be well ordered, organised and controlled

Question 6

Wenlock Games

Answer 6

In 1850, the Wenlock Agricultural Reading Society set up the games to promote moral, physical and intellectual improvements. Involved a mixture of athletics and traditional sports like football, cricket and running.

Question 7

Dr William Penny Brookes

Answer 7

The founder of the Wenlock Olympian games in 1850

Question 8

Industrial Revolution

Answer 8

This period marked a change in Britain from a feudal, rural society into an industrialised machine-based, capitalist society controlled by a powerful urban middle class (mid 18th - 19th cent)

Question 9

Industrial patronage

Answer 9

Factory teams were set up by factory owners as a way of decreasing absenteeism and encouraging loyalty in the workforce

Question 10

Impact of Industrial Revolution on Sport

Answer 10

Many violent sports such as mob football were banned as society became civilised, new forms of entertainment emerged.

Question 11

Impact of transport

Answer 11

It increased spectator and participation opportunities which spread interest in sport
Faster trains enable people to travel further and more easily which gave more time for sport matches
Spectators could follow their team to away matches

Question 12

How did the church influence sport?

Answer 12

. The church facilities like halls provided facilities
. Encouraged civilised behaviour - the shift in behaviour from popular recreation to rational recreation (not drinking/gambling)
. This increased attendance at church ceremonies and holy days
. The church organised sports teams such as football

Question 13

Muscular Christianity

Answer 13

Used sport (especially association football) to get more people to church. They provided facilities, created teams like Everton and Aston Villa.

Question 14

The emergence of the middle class in a three-tier society

Answer 14

This changed the ways of behaviour and playing sport. This would result in it being more respectful and being played at a high moral code (developing strict rules, leagues and competitions). They provided facilities via their involvement in the local council and gave more time off work

Question 15

Codification

Answer 15

The gradual organisation and defining of the rules

Question 16

Philanthropists

Answer 16

Kind, generous, middle-class individuals who had a social conscience and were keen to try to provide for a better life among the working class

Question 17

Public provision

Answer 17

The development of facilities through middle class philanthropists

Question 18

Amateur

Answer 18

A person who plays sport for the love of it and receives no financial gain

Question 19

Professional

Answer 19

A person who plays sport for financial gain

Question 20

How did the industrialists and factory owners help with development of sport in Britain?

Answer 20

Set up teams and gave workers time off to compete

Question 21

How did officers in the British army help with development of sport in Britain?

Answer 21

Sport was spread throughout the army

Question 22

How did national governing bodies help with development of sport in Britain?

Answer 22

Codified sports and established leagues and competitions that eventually went internationally

Question 23

How did diplomats help with development of sport in Britain?

Answer 23

They travelled the world and took sport with them

Question 24

Where did people live more in post industrial Britain?

Answer 24

More people lived in towns and cities. This meant they worked less on the land

Question 25

How did the clergy influence sport?

Answer 25

They developed church teams or became missionaries and took sport abroad

Question 26

How did teachers help with development of sport in Britain?

Answer 26

They developed teams and taught traditional sporting values

Question 27

What were the negative effects of rationalised sport during the first half of the 19th century?

Answer 27

. Lack of leisure time
. Lack of income
. Migration of the lower classes into cities
. Poor health
. Loss of rights
. Lack of public provisions

Question 28

What are some of the improvements in the second half of the Industrial Revolution (1850-1900)

Answer 28

. Ex -public schoolboys
. Industrial patronage
. Increase in wages and time for sport
. Communication
. Values of athleticism
. Improved health
. Three-tier society

Question 29

Why was there a development of NGB’s?

Answer 29

. Sport became increasingly popular and was widespread and became codified
. More teams and clubs formed
. Leagues and competitions required for teams to compete in
. More national and international fixtures
. Nationally agreed rules and codification
. Maintain amateur ideal

Question 30

Who were the amateurs?

Answer 30

Mainly the upper class because they didn’t need to be paid for their participation in sport. They already had money. They partook in sport for fun

Question 31

What did gradual improvements in working conditions result in?

Answer 31

More free time for workers to spend engaged in entertainment, and as a consequence attendance at football matches and other activities increased, as football grounds and other purpose built facilities were constructed to meet the raising demand

Question 32

What was the amateur ideal?

Answer 32

A restraining code that emphasised fair play, ettiquete and ‘spirit of the game’

Question 33

What did the values of athleticism mean?

Answer 33

There was physical endeavour with moral integrity. They would always work hard and take part in the spirit of fair play and this would have spread to the lower classes

Question 34

How did the influence of ex-public schoolboys help?

Answer 34

Via industry and the church they helped to promote sport

Question 35

Who were the middle class and what did they do?

Answer 35

The middle class were self made individuals who had some empathy and concern for the working class unlike their social superiors, the upper class. They improved the lives of the working class through improvement in sporting provisions

Question 36

Why was there a move to professionalism?

Answer 36

The middle classes helped in the development of early commercial/professional sport (acting as agents, promoters in athletics, factory owners setting up teams and paying broken time payments in football

Question 37

What are broken time payments?

Answer 37

It is where working men are compensated for missing work to play in sport.

Question 38

Reasons NGB’s tried to prevent professionals from competing in their sports

Answer 38

Desire of middle/upper class to maintain control in sport. Preserve amateur ideal. Maintain exclusivity - didn’t want to mix. Didn’t like losing to lower class pros.

Question 39

Amateurism values

Answer 39

Manliness - robustness, striving for physical endeavour. Appreciating the value of health, fitness and of rule regulated activity. High moral integrity

Question 40

Characteristics Gentleman amateur

Answer 40

Being a respected member of society with a public school background. Belonging to the social elite. Participation in sport was viewed as a character building exercise. Playing a range of sports to a high moral code

Question 41

Impact of communications

Answer 41

Fixtures and results published in newspapers

Question 42

The Factory Act

Answer 42

Increased workers wages and meant Saturdays became half days