3.1.2 Industrialised and Post Industrialised Britain (1780-1900) Flashcards
HITFOR
Poor Health, lack of Income, lack of Time, lack of Facilities, Overcrowding and loss of Rights
Urbanisation
Large numbers of people migrating/ moving from rural areas into towns and cities, seeking regular work in the factories
How did urbanisation develop sport?
Urbanisation means a large working class population needed entertaining, resulting in mass spectator numbers at football and rugby matches for the first time
How did railways develop sport?
(4)
. Movement of teams/spectators - nationwide fixtures developing on a regular basis
. Improved access to different parts of the country - leagues were able to be formed involving clubs from across the country
. Cheaper train travel - led to working classes following their teams home and away
. Improved access to the countryside - activities in rural areas were reachable and affordable
Rational recreation
In the nineteenth century, these were sport pastimes for the lower classes which were designed by the middle classes to be well ordered, organised and controlled
Wenlock Games
In 1850, the Wenlock Agricultural Reading Society set up the games to promote moral, physical and intellectual improvements
Involved a mixture of athletics and traditional sports like football, cricket and running.
Dr William Penny Brookes
The founder of the Wenlock Olympian games in 1850
Industrial Revolution impact on British society
This period marked a change in Britain from a feudal, rural society into an industrialised machine-based, capitalist society controlled by a powerful urban middle class (mid 18th - 19th cent)
Industrial patronage
Factory teams were set up by factory owners as a way of decreasing absenteeism and encouraging loyalty in the workforce
Impact of Industrial Revolution on Sport (3)
Many violent sport banned (mob football)
Society became civilised
New forms of entertainment emerged.
Impact of transport
(3)
It increased spectator and participation opportunities which spread interest in sport
Faster trains enable people to travel further and more easily which gave more time for sport matches
Spectators could follow their team to away matches
How did the church influence sport?
(4)
. The church provded facilities like halls
. Encouraged civilised behaviour - the shift in behaviour from popular recreation to rational recreation (not drinking/gambling)
. This increased attendance at church ceremonies and holy days
. The church organised sports teams such as football
Muscular Christianity
Used sport (especially association football) to get more people to church. They provided facilities, created teams like Everton and Aston Villa.
The emergence of the middle class in a three-tier society (4)
This changed the ways of behaviour and playing sport
This would result in it being more respectful and being played at a high moral code (developing strict rules, leagues and competitions)
They provided facilities via their involvement in the local council
Gave more time off work
Codification
The gradual organisation and defining of the rules
Philanthropists
Kind, generous, middle-class individuals who had a social conscience and were keen to try to provide for a better life among the working class
Public provision
The development of facilities through middle class philanthropists
Amateur
A person who plays sport for the love of it and receives no financial gain
Professional
A person who plays sport for financial gain
How did the industrialists and factory owners help with development of sport in Britain?
(2)
Set up teams and gave workers time off to compete
How did officers in the British army help with development of sport in Britain?
Sport was spread throughout the army
How did national governing bodies help with development of sport in Britain?
Codified sports and established leagues and competitions that eventually went internationally
How did diplomats help with development of sport in Britain?
They travelled the world and took sport with them
Where did people live more in post industrial Britain?
More people lived in towns and cities. This meant they worked less on the land
How did the clergy influence sport?
They developed church teams or became missionaries and took sport abroad
How did teachers help with development of sport in Britain?
They developed teams and taught traditional sporting values
What were the negative effects of rationalised sport during the first half of the 19th century? (6)
. Lack of leisure time
. Lack of income
. Migration of the lower classes into cities
. Poor health
. Loss of rights
. Lack of public provisions
What are some of the improvements in the second half of the Industrial Revolution (1850-1900)
(7)
. Ex -public schoolboys
. Industrial patronage
. Increase in wages and time for sport
. Communication
. Values of athleticism
. Improved health
. Three-tier society
Why was there a development of NGB’s?
. Sport became increasingly popular and was widespread and became codified
. More teams and clubs formed
. Leagues and competitions required for teams to compete in
. More national and international fixtures
. Nationally agreed rules and codification
. Maintain amateur ideal
Who were the amateurs?
Mainly the upper class because they didn’t need to be paid for their participation in sport. They already had money. They partook in sport for fun
What did gradual improvements in working conditions result in?
MAP (3)
More free time for workers to spend engaged in entertainment
Attendance at football matches and other activities increased, as football grounds
Purpose built facilities were constructed to meet the raising demand
What was the amateur ideal?
A restraining code that emphasised fair play, ettiquete and ‘spirit of the game’
What did the values of athleticism mean? (4)
There was physical endeavour with moral integrity
They would always work hard
Take part in the spirit of fair play
This would have spread to the lower classes
How did the influence of ex-public schoolboys help?
They took their love of sport from school to University and into adulthood and spread the message throughout England and across the globe as the British empire expanded
Who were the middle class and what did they do? (2)
Self made individuals who had some empathy and concern for the working class unlike their social superiors, the upper class.
They improved the lives of the working class through improvement in sporting provisions
Why was there a move to professionalism?
(2)
The middle classes helped in the development of early commercial/professional sport
They acted as agents, promoters in athletics, factory owners setting up teams and paying broken time payments in football
What are broken time payments?
Compensation for missing work to play sport
Reasons NGB’s tried to prevent professionals from competing in their sports (4)
Desire of middle/upper class to maintain control in sport
Preserve amateur ideal
Maintain exclusivity - didn’t want to mix
Didn’t like losing to lower class pros.
Amateurism values
(3)
Manliness - robustness, striving for physical endeavour
Appreciating the value of health, fitness and of rule regulated activity
High moral integrity
Characteristics Gentleman amateur (5)
Respected member of society
Public school background
Belonging to the social elite
Participation in sport was viewed as a character building exercise
Playing a range of sports to a high moral code
Impact of communications (1)
Fixtures and results published in newspapers
The Factory Act (2)
Increased workers wages
Saturdays became half days
