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A Level PE AQA > 1.1 The Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

1.1 The Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Myogenic

A

The capacity of the heart to generate its own impulses

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2
Q

SAN

A

Cardiac muscle found in the wall of the right atrium that generates the heartbeat.

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3
Q

AVN

A

The atrioventricular node relays the impulse between the upper and lower sections of the heart but will delay it 0.1 seconds to allow the ventricles to fill up

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4
Q

Systole

A

When the heart contracts

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5
Q

Diastole

A

When the heart relaxes

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6
Q

Bundle of His

A

A collection of heart muscle cells that transmit electrical impulses from the AVN via the bundle branches to the ventricles

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7
Q

Purkinje fibres

A

Muscles fibres that conduct impulses in the walls of the ventricles causing them to contract

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8
Q

Adrenaline

A

A stress hormone that is released by the sympathetic nerves and cardiac nerve during exercise causing an increase in heart rate.

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9
Q

Stroke volume

A

The volume of blood pumped by the heart ventricles in each contraction

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10
Q

Ejection fraction

A

The percentage of blood pumped out by the left ventricle per beat

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11
Q

Cardiac output + equation

A

The volume of blood pumped out by the ventricles per minute.CO=SVxHR

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12
Q

Cardiac hypertrophy

A

The thickening of the muscular wall of the heart so it becomes bigger and stronger

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13
Q

Bradycardia

A

A decrease in resting heart rate to below 60 bpm

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14
Q

Sympathetic system

A

A part of the autonomic nervous system that speeds up heart rate

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15
Q

Parasympathetic system

A

A part of the autonomic system that decreases heart rate

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16
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

The most important part of the brain as it regulates processes that keep us alive such as breathing and heart rate

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17
Q

What does the neural control system involve and what do each of them detect?

A

𝐁𝐚𝐫𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐩𝐞𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐬 (chemical):
Detect stretch and pressure changes in blood vessels.
𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐩𝐫𝐢𝐨𝐜𝐞𝐩𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐬:
Detect movement and stretch in muscles.
𝐂𝐡𝐞𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐞𝐩𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐬:
Detect changes in carbon dioxide

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18
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Tiny structures in the carotid arteries and aortic arch that detect changes in blood acidity caused by an increase or decrease in the concentration of carbon dioxide. Increase in CO2 increase heart rate.

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19
Q

Baroreceptors

A

Special sensors in tissues in the aortic arch, carotid sinus, heart and pulmonary vessels that respond to changes in blood pressure. Increase blood pressure decrease in heart rate.

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20
Q

Proprioceptors

A

Sensory nerve endings in the muscles, tendons and joints that detect changes in muscle movement. Increase in muscle movement increase in heart rate.

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21
Q

Plasma

A

The fluid part of the body that surrounds blood cells and transports them

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22
Q

Haemoglobin

A

An iron-containing pigment found in red blood cells, which combines with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin.

23
Q

Myoglobin

A

It stores the oxygen in the muscle fibres which can be used quickly when exercise begins

24
Q

Mitochondria

A

Site of respiration and energy production

25
Q

Bohr shift

A

When an increase in blood carbon dioxide and body temperature and decrease in pH results in a reduction of the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen

26
Q

pH

A

A measure of acidity. Anything less than 7 indicates acidity

27
Q

Oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve

A

During exercise the dissociation curve will shift to the right - this is the Bohr effect. This is caused by an increase in both blood co2 and body temperature and a decrease in ph allowing more oxyhaemoglobin to dissociate into the muscles

28
Q

Vascular shunting

A

The redistribution of cardiac output

29
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

The narrowing of the blood vessels to reduce blood flow into the capillaries

30
Q

Vasodilation

A

The widening of the blood vessels to increase the flow of blood into the capillaries

31
Q

Blood pressure

A

The force exerted by the blood vessel wall

32
Q

Systolic pressure

A

The pressure in the arteries when the ventricles are contracting

33
Q

Diastolic pressure

A

The pressure in the arteries wen the ventricles are relaxing

34
Q

Venous return

A

The return of blood to the right side of the heart

35
Q

The 6 venous return mechanisms

A

The skeletal muscle pump
the respiratory pump
pocket valves
gravity
smooth muscle
the suction pump action of the heart

36
Q

The skeletal muscle pump

A

When muscles contract and relax they change shape. This change in shape meas that muscles press on the nearby veins and cause a pumping effect and squeeze the blood towards the heart

37
Q

The respiratory pump

A

When respiratory muscles contract causing pressure changes in the thoracic and abdominal cavities. This change in pressure compresses the nearby veins and assist blood to the heart

38
Q

Pocket valves

A

Prevent the back flow of blood

39
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Thin layers inside the walls of veins which helps to squeeze blood back to the heart

40
Q

Gravity

A

Helps the blood to return to the heart from the upper body

41
Q

Steady state

A

Where the athlete is able to meet the oxygen demand with the oxygen supply

42
Q

A stroke

A

Occurs when the blood supply to the brain is cut off

43
Q

Cardiovascular drift

A

It occurs after 10 minutes of exercise.
At this point, heart rate increases gradually, stroke volume decreases.
Fluid is lost as sweat resulting in a reduced plasma and reduced venous return.
Cardiac output also increases due to more energy needed to cool down the body.

44
Q

Atrio-venous drift (A-VO2 diff)

A

The difference between the oxygen content of the arterial blood arriving at the muscles and the venous blood leaving the muscles.

45
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Occurs when arteries harden and narrow as they become clogged up by fatty deposits

46
Q

Atheroma

A

Fatty deposits found in the inner lining of an artery

47
Q

Angina

A

Chest pain that occurs when the blood supply through the coronary arteries to the muscles of the heart is restricted

48
Q

LDL’s

A

Low density lipoproteins.

Transport cholesterol in the blood to the tissues.
Classed as ‘bad’ cholesterol as it is linked to an increased risk of heart disease.

49
Q

HDL’s

A

High density lipoproteins.

Transport excess cholesterol in the blood back to the liver where it is broken down (and disposed of).
Classed as ‘good’ cholesterol as it lowers the risk of heart disease.

50
Q

How can cholesterol levels be improved?

A

aerobic activities
low-fat diet
regular exercise

51
Q

What are the 4 causes of deteriorating coronary blood vessels?

A

Smoking
Alcohol
Sedentary lifestyle
A high-fat diet

52
Q

What is the diastole phase of the cardiac cycle?

A

The heart at this point is relaxing and filling up with blood.
The atria fill with blood and pressure builds within these chambers.
As the pressure increases, the valves begin to slowly open and let small amounts of blood through.

53
Q

What is the systole phase of the cardiac cycle?

A

Pressure has built up in the atria during diastole phase
𝐀𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐥𝐞 𝐩𝐡𝐚𝐬𝐞:
1. Valves are now forced open, both atrial contract and remaining blood is forced into ventricles.
𝐕𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐬𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐥𝐞 𝐩𝐡𝐚𝐬𝐞:
2. Blood is now in ventricles, ventricles now contract increasing the pressure within these chambers.
3. Aortic valve and pulmonary valve are forced open, allowing blood to be pushed through into the aorta or pulmonary artery.

54
Q

The cardiac conduction system

A

SAN (the pacemaker) generates an electrical impulse (atrial systole) which travels to the AVN which delays the impulse by 0.1 sec allowing for the chambers to fill with blood. The impulse is relayed onto the Bundle of His which then separate into the purkinje fibres which causes ventricular systole so the ventricles to contract

A Level PE AQA (39 decks)

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