2.2 Principles and theories of learning and performance Flashcards
Learning
A permanent change in behaviour as a result of practise
Cognitive stage of learning
Plus 2 characteristics
The first stage of learning used by a novice, Understanding and sub- routines are explored by trial and error
No motor programme and uncoordinated movement
Associative stage of learning
Plus 2 characteristics
The second stage of learning as motor programmes are developed and performance is smoother
Motor programme forming and smoother movement
Autonomous stage of learning
Plus 2 characteristics
The final stage of learning used by an expert when movement is detailed and specific
Motor programme formed and has automatic control
Feedback
Information to aid error correction
Positive Feedback
Encouragement
Negative Feedback
Error correction
Extrinsic Feedback
From an outside source
Intrinsic Feedback
From within
Knowledge of Results
Concerns the outcome
Knowledge of Performance
About technique
Plateau
A period of no improvement in performance
Explain the Learning Plateau graph
Stage 1 is where the rate of learning is slow and performance is poor (cognitive stage)
Stage 2 involves rapid acceleration of learning and begin to master the task (inbetween associate and autonomous)
Stage 3 involves hitting a plateau so there is no improvement (autonomous)
Stage 4 is where performance deteriorates (associative)
Operant Conditioning
The use of reinforcement to ensure that correct responses are repeated
Positive Reinforcement
A pleasant stimulus after the correct response (eg a trophy)
Negative Reinforcement
Taking away an unpleasant stimulus after the correct response (eg the coach stops shouting)
Punishment
An unpleasant stimulus to prevent incorrect actions from recurring (eg a red card)
Insight Learning
Using experience and understanding to solve problems relating to the whole skill
Advantage and disadvantage to Insightful Learning
Allows the performer to learn new skills through experiencing the whole task
Performer is more creative and develop their own strategies
Time consuming (coach can just show them immediately)
Observational Learning
Behaviour can be learned by watching and then copying other people
ARMM
4 processes of Observational Learning
Attention - Making the demonstration attractive to the performer (more attractive ,more focus and more likely to copy)
Retention - Remembering the demonstration and being able to recall it (then give a chance to practise)
Motor Production - Having the mental and physical ability to do the task (task at same ability of performer to allow success)
Motivation - Having the drive to do the task
Social Development Theory
Learning by association with others
Inter-psychological learning
Social Development Theory
Learning from others externally
Intra-psychological learning
Social Development Theory
Learning from within gaining external knowledge from others
Constructivism
Social Development Theory
Building up in stages, based on current level of performance
Zone of proximal development
Social Development Theory
The next stage of learning based on the current level of performance
Match the theories of learning with the Scientists
Observational Learning - Bandura
Operant Conditioning - Skinner
Insight Learning - Gestalts
Social Development theory - Vygotsky
Visual Guidance
Definition and Pros and Cons
Guidance that can be seen, a demonstration
Good for all abilities
Demonstrates whats required to do it well
Demonstration has to be perfect
Some skills are too complex
Verbal Guidance
Definition and Pros and Cons
An explanation
Highlights key teaching points
Makes the performer think
Information overload
Boring
Manual Guidance
Definition and Pros and Cons
Physical Support
Good for beginners
Develops correct feel
Performer not actually doing it themselves
Movements are different when someone is moving your body
Mechanical Guidance
Definition and Pros and Cons
An artificial aid
Good for dangerous situations
Allows them to gain feel
Expensive
Performer can rely on it too much
