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A Level PE AQA > 1 Energy Systems Applied Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

1 Energy Systems Applied Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Adrenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

A

The only usable form of energy in the body

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2
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

The site where aerobic respiration takes place

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3
Q

The conversion of fuel into energy takes place in one of three pathways which are

A

Aerobic system
Anaerobic glycolytic system
ATP-PC system

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4
Q

What are the by-products of the aerobic system

A

Water
Carbon dioxide

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5
Q

The complete oxidation of glucose can produce how many ATPs (aerobic system)

A

38 (net 36)

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6
Q

The aerobic system has 3 stages which are

A

Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Electro transport chain

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7
Q

Glycolysis

A

the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate

net 2 ATP for every glucose molecule

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8
Q

What happens to the pyruvate so it can move to the next stage of the system

A

The pyruvic acid is oxidised into two acetyl groups and is then carried into Kreb’s cycle by coenzyme A

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9
Q

Krebs Cycle

A

the two acetyl groups combine with oxaloacetic acid to form citric acid.

hydrogen is removed from the citric acid and the now rearranged form of citric acid undergoes oxidative carboxylation

the carbon forms carbon dioxide which is transported to the lungs and breathed out
the hydrogen is transported to the electron transport chain

the result of these reactions result in the production of 2 ATP molecules

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10
Q

what is the electron transport chain

A

the hydrogen from the krebs cycle is carried to the electron transport chain by hydrogen carriers

the hydrogen splits into hydrogen and electrons and they are charged with potential energy

the hydrogen ions are oxidised to form water while the hydrogen electrons provide the energy to re-synthesise ATP

throughout this process 34 ATP are formed

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11
Q

Beta oxidation

A

when stored fat is broken down into glycerol and free fatty acids

the fatty acids then undergo a process called beta oxidation where it is converted to coenzyme a (the entry molecule for the krebs cycle)

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12
Q

Advantages of aerobic system

A

more ATP can be produced (36 molecules)

there are no fatiguing by-products

lots of glycogen and triglyceride stores so exercise can last for a long time

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13
Q

Disadvantages of aerobic system

A

complicated system so cannot be used straight away.

it takes a while for enough oxygen to become available to meet the demands of the activity and ensure glycogen and fatty acids are completely broken down

fatty acids transportation to muscles is low and also require 15% more oxygen to be broken down than glycogen

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14
Q

Whats the fuel of the ATP-PC energy system

A

Phosphocreatine

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15
Q

Phosphocreatine

A

an energy rich phosphate compound that can be broken down quickly and easily to release energy and re-synthesise ATP

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16
Q

ATP-PC system

A

anaerobic process

re-sythesises ATP when the enzyme creatine kinase detects high levels of ADP

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17
Q

Equation for how PC releases energy

A

PC –> Pi + C + energy

this energy is then used to convert ADP to ATP in a coupled reaction

Energy –> + Pi + ADP –> ATP

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18
Q

For every PC how much ATP do you get

A

1 molecule of ATP

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19
Q

Advantages of the ATP-PC system

A

ATP can be re-synthesised rapidly

phosphocreatine stores can be-synthesised quickly

no fatiguing by products

possible to extend the time the atp-pc system can be utilised through use of creatine supplementation

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20
Q

Disadvantages of the ATP-PC system

A

there is only a limited supply of phosphocreatine in the muscle cell, only can last for 10 seconds

one mole of ATP can be re-synthesised for every mole of PC

PC re-synthesis can only take place in the presence of oxygen

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21
Q

Anaerobic Glycolytic System

A

an energy system that provides energy for high-intensity exercise and for longer than the atp-pc system

22
Q

How does the anaerobic glycolytic system work?

A

starts with anaerobic glycolysis (where PC stroes are low and the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase breaks down the glycogen into glucose and then further broken down into pyruvic acid by PFK where the product of this reaction is 2 ATP)

the pyruvic acid is then further broken down LDH

23
Q

where does the anaerobic glycolytic system take place?

A

Sarcoplasm

24
Q

Advantages of anaerobic glycolytic system

A

ATP can be re-synthesised quickly due to very few chemical reactions
lasts longer than the ATP-PC system

in the presence of oxygen, lactic acid can be converted back into the liver glycogen or used as a fuel through oxidation into carbon dioxide and water

it can be used to produce an extra burst of energy

25
Q

Disadvantages of the anaerobic glycolytic system

A

lactic acid as the by-product means enzymes become denatured and prevents them from increasing the rate of reaction

only a small amount of energy can be released from glycogen under anaerobic conditions

26
Q

Duration each energy system lasts and their intensities

A

ATP-PC system depletes after 8-10 seconds of maximal intensity

Anaerobic glycolytic system lasts between 2-3 minutes of repeated max intensity efforts

Aerobic system 3 minutes + at a sub-maximal intensity

27
Q

What is the energy continuum?

A

A term which describes the type of respiration used by physical activities. Whether it is aerobic or anaerobic respiration depends on the intensity and duration of the exercise

28
Q

How do slow twitch muscle fibres produce energy?

A

The main pathway for ATP production is in the aerobic system

It produces the maximum amount of ATP available from each glucose molecule (up to 36 ATP)

Production is slow but these fibres are more endurance based so less likely to fatigue

29
Q

How do fast twitch muscle fibres produce energy?

A

The main pathway for ATP production is via the lactate anaerobic energy system

ATP production in the absence of oxygen is not efficient only two ATP produced per glucose molecule

Production of ATP this way is fast but cannot last for long as these fibres have least resistance to muscle fatigue

30
Q

Oxygen consumption

A

The amount of oxygen we use to produce ATP

31
Q

VO2 max

A

The maximum volume of oxygen that can be taken up by the muscles per minute

32
Q

Sub-maximal oxygen deficit

A

When there is not enough oxygen available at the start of exercise to provide all the energy (ATP) aerobically

33
Q

EPOC

A

The amount of oxygen consumed during recovery above that which would have been consumed at rest during the same time

34
Q

Fast Component of EPOC

A

The restoration of ATP and phosphocreatine stores and the resaturation of myoglobin with oxygen

Complete restoration of PC stores take 3 minutes and 30 seconds for 50%

35
Q

Slow Component of EPOC

A

The oxygen consumed during the slow replenishment stage

Involves the removal of lactic acid. During recovery which takes up to 2 hours lactate converts back to pyruvic acid - this then is oxidised into co2 and water which can then be used as an energy source.

36
Q

Lactate threshold

A

The point during exercise at which lactic acid quickly accumulates in the blood

37
Q

OBLA

A

The point when lactate levels go above 4 millimoles per litre

38
Q

Factors affecting the rate of lactate accumulation

A

Exercise intensity
Muscle fibre type
Rate of blood lactate removal
Respiratory exchange ratio
Fitness of the performer

39
Q

Why do elite sprinters have better anaerobic endurance than non elite sprinters?

A

Body is more tolerant of high levels of lactate meaning they can work at higher intensities for longer

Muscles have adapted to training (incr mitochondria, higher capillary density and more myoglobin)

40
Q

Factors affecting VO2 max (7)

A

Physiological (separate card for more detail)

Training - can be improved 10-20% following period of aerobic training

Genetics - inherent factors limit possible improvement

Age - VO2 max declines with age

Gender - Men have higher vo2

Body Composition - High body fat decreases vo2 mac

Lifestyle - smoking, sedentary, poor diet and poor fitness can all reduce Vo2 max

41
Q

Physiological factors that affect VO2 max

A

Incr max cardiac output, stroke volume/ejection fraction/cardiac hypertrophy
Incr haemoglobin, red blood cells, mitochondria, aveoli surface area and lactate tolerance

42
Q

Calorimetry

A

The calculation of heat in physical changes and chemical reactions

43
Q

Indirect calorimetry

A

Measures the production of CO2 and/or the consumption of oxygen

44
Q

Lactate Sampling

A

Taking a tiny blood sample and a handheld device analyses the blood and indicates how much lactate is present

45
Q

Direct gas analysis

A

Measures the concentration of oxygen that is inspired and the concentration of carbon dioxide that is expired

46
Q

Cycle Ergometer

A

A stationary bike that measures how much work is being performed

47
Q

VO2 Max Test

A

Bleep test, 12 minute cooper run and Harvard Step test are all tests that indicate a persons VO2 max

Direct gas analysis done on a treadmill, cycle ergometer or rowing machine provide more valid and reliable results

48
Q

Respiratory exchange ratio (RER)

A

The ratio of carbon dioxide produced compared to oxygen consumed

49
Q

Altitude Training

A

Usually done at 2500m+ above sea level where partial pressure of oxygen is lower

50
Q

HIIT

A

Short intervals of maximum intensity exercise followed by a recovery interval of low to moderate exercise

51
Q

Plyometrics

A

Involves repeated rapid stretching and contracting of muscles to increase power

52
Q

Speed, agility, quickness (SAQ)

A

SAQ training uses activities performed with maximum force at high speed, energy is provided anaerobically

A Level PE AQA (39 decks)

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