2 Information Processing Flashcards
Information Processing
The methods by which data from the environment are collected and utilised
Input stage
Information picked up by the senses
Display
The sporting environment (ie oppo, crowd, officials)
Receptor Systems
The senses that pick up information from the display
Sight, auditory sense, touch, balance and kinaesthesis
Proprioceptors
The senses that provide internal information from within the body
Kinaesthesis
The inner sense that gives information about body position and muscular tension
Selective attention
Filtering relevant information from irrelevant information
Stimuli
The important and relevant items of information from the display
Benefits of selective attention
Selective attention can improve reaction time significantly
Focusing on the relevant information improves the chance of making a correct decision
Perception
The process of coding and interpreting sensory information
Translatory Mechanisms
Adapting and comparing coded information to memory so that decisions can be made
Effector Mechanism
The network of nerves that sends coded impulses to the muscles
Working memory
So named since it performs a number of functions
Central Executive
The control centre of the working memory, it uses three other ‘systems’ to control all the information moving in and out of the memory system
Phonological loop
Deals with auditory information from the senses and helps produce the memory trace
Visuospatial sketchpad
Used to temporarily store visual and spatial information
Episodic buffer
Co-ordinates the sight, hearing and movement information from the working memory into sequences to be sent to the LTM
3 Aspects of memory
Short term sensory store
Short term memory
Long term memory
Short term sensory store
Stores information for one second and is forgotten if its not considered important
Short Term Memory
Lasts 20-30 seconds and stores 5-9 items
Long Term Memory
Receives information from the working memory and has an unlimited capacity for the storage of motor programmes
Schema Theory
Suggests that motor programmes can be clustered and are changeable to respond to the situation
We store generalised series of movement patterns and adapt them to the current environment
Schema
Set of rules to help us make decisions about movement patterns
Schemas are initiated and evaluated by 2 processes which are?
Recall Schema and Recognition Schema
Recall Schema
Initiates movement, comes before the action
Recognition Schema
Controls movement, happens during the action
4 Parameters of Schema
Initial Conditions
Response Specifications
Sensory Consequences
Response Outcome
Initial Conditions
Info from the environment
Response Specifications
Information about what to do
Sensory Consequences
Information about the feel of the movement
Response Outcome
Feedback about the result
Reaction Time
The time taken from the onset of a stimulus to the onset of a response
Movement Time
The time taken to complete the task
Response Time
The time taken from the onset of a stimulus to the completion of a task.
Response time = Reaction time + Movement time
Hicks Law
Reaction time increases as the number of choices increases
Single channel Hypothesis
One stimulus can be processed at a time and a second stimulus must wait until the fist one is processed.
Psychological Refraction Period
A delay when a second stimulus is presented before the first has been presented
Anticipation
Pre-judging a stimulus
Temporal Anticipation
When its going to happen
Spatial Anticipation
Where and what is going to happen
Whitings model
Input data from display -> receptor->( perceptual mechanism (selective attention and the DCR), translatory mechanism (compare the info to past experiences), select correct response), effector mechanism (send coded response to the muscles) ) -> muscular system (contractions) -> output (response haooens)-> feedback data (compre what happened to what you wanted to happen and learn from it)
