Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

3. sınıf 1. komite > 2. pataloji 5-8 > Flashcards

2. pataloji 5-8 Flashcards

1
Q

“What are the four major functional classes that cancer genes can be categorized into?”

A

Proto-oncogenes,

Tumor suppressor genes,

Genes that regulate apoptosis,

Genes that regulate interactions between tumor cells and host cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the two groups of tumor suppressor genes?”

A

Governors” brakes on cellular proliferation.
E.g: (RB)

Guardians” responsible for sensing genomic
damage (P53)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which gene is responsible for Retinoblastoma

A

RB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which gene is responsible for Li-fraumeni syndrome

A

P53

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which gene is responsible for melanoma

A

CDKN2A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which gene is responsible for Neurofibrobramatosis 1 and 2

A

NF1 and NF2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which gene is responsible for FAP

A

APC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which gene is responsible for Breast and ovarian tumors

A

BRCA1 BRCA2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which gene is responsible for multibple endocrine neoplasia 1 and 2

A

MAN1 and RET

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which gene is responsible for for Bloom syndrom

A

blm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

“How do driver mutations affect the development or progression of cancer?

A

alter the function of cancer genes
and thereby directly contribute to the development
or progression of a given cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

“What is the typical example of point mutations in proto-oncogenes in terms of their function?”

A

A cardinal example is the RAS gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

“Which gene is most commonly affected by point mutations?”

A

TP53

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What type of chromosomal translocation occurs in Burkitt lymphoma, and between which chromosomes does it occur?”

A

translocation, between chromosomes 8 and 14

Leads to overexpression of the MYC gene on chromosome 14

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

In follicular B cell lymphomas which Genes?

A

overexpression of the antiapoptotic gene

BCL2, on chromosome 18

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which chromosome is responsible for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)

A

***Philadelphia (Ph)

translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22

BCR gene on chromosome 22 and the ABL gene on chromosome 9.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

BCR-ABL fusion gene encodes?

A

tyrosine kinase with potent transforming activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What genetic event is associated with retinoblastoma involving deletions at the 13q14 site, and which specific gene is affected by these deletions?”

A

RB Deletiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the significance of the deletion of 17p in cancer genetics?

A

Deletion of 17p is associated with the loss of TP53, which is the most important tumor suppressor gene.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which gene is clinically significant in neuroblastoma when amplified?

A

The NMYC gene is clinically significant in neuroblastoma when amplified.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which gene is clinically significant in breast cancers when overexpressed/amplified?

A

HER2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the definition of aneuploidy in genetics?

A

fazla kromozom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

.

A

.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is CDKN2A, and what are its two encoded tumor suppressors?

A

p14/ARF colon and gastric cancers.

p16/INK4a is silenced in a wide variety of cancers.

Both p14/ARF and p16/INK4a affect the p53 and Rb pathways.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How can tumor suppressor genes be silenced?

A

Tumor suppressor genes can be silenced by hypermethylation of their promoter sequences.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the origin of malignant tumors?

A

Malignant tumors are monoclonal in origin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Are tumor cells genetically homogeneous or heterogeneous?

A

Tumor cells are genetically heterogeneous.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

ERB-B1 (EGF receptor): is overexpressed in ?

A

80% to 100%
squamous cell carcinomas of the lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

HER2/NEU (ERB-B2): is amplified in 25% to 30% of

A

breast cancers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

HER2/NEU’ya karşı hangi ilaç kulanılır

A

TRASTUZUMABE.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Two important members in Downstream signal transducing proteins are?

A

RAS and ABL.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

The RAS protein most commonly is activated by what klind of mutations

A

point mutations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How To inavcivate Ras protein

A

Ras protein is in activated when it is bound to an gdp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the effect of GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) on RAS Protein

A

Gap Hydrolase Gtp to Gdp and ras binds to gdp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What does activation of RAS situmulalate

A

proliferation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is ABL Protein

A

ABL is
non–receptor-associated protein

has a tyrosine kinases activity

act as a signal transduction molecule.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Where van BCR-ABL kinase inhibitors can be used

A

myelogenous leukemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

BCR-ABL kinase inhibitors. are kind of ….. thearapy

A

targeted therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Nuclear transcription factors ARE?

A

**
MYC
MYB
JUN
FOS,
REL oncogenes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

NTFs regulate the expression of growth-promoting genes,
such as ……

A

cyclins and CDKs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

MYC genes generaly involved with?

A

human tumors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

MYC can activate some gf including?

A

cyclin dependent kinases) CDKs,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What does (cyclin dependent kinases) CDKs, DO?

A

drive cells into the cell cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Genes repressed by MYC include the

A

CYD inhibitors:
(CDKIs).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What cause Burkitt lymphoma,

A

Dysregulation of the MYC gene resulting from a t(8;14)
translocation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is the two main cheackpoint of cell cycle

A

G1/S transition
G2/M transition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

G1-S transition, is regulated by proteins called?

A

CYCLINS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

CDKs acquire catalytic activity by binding to and
forming complexes with the?

A

cyclins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What does CDK–cyclin kompleks

A

phosphorylate crucial target proteins that drive the cell through the cell cycle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

The activity of CDK–cyclin complexes is regulated by CDKIs, which enforce cell cycle checkpoints.

What are the İmp. examples of this proteins

A

retinoblastoma protein (Rb)

51
Q

Or enter a nonreplicative state called senescence, primarily via?

A

p53-dependent mechanisms

52
Q

Which CDKIs proteins inhibits CDKs Broadly

A

p21 (CDKN1A), p27 (CDKN1B), and p57 (CDKN1C)

53
Q

cyclin CDK4 VE cyclin CDK6’yı inhibe eden proteinler hangileridir

A

p15 (CDKN2B), p16 (CDKN2A), p18 (CDKN2C), and p19 (CDKN2D)

Bunlar INK4 proteinleri olarak da anılır

54
Q

INK4 proteinleri nelerdir

A

p15 (CDKN2B), p16 (CDKN2A), p18 (CDKN2C), and p19 (CDKN2D)

55
Q

The cyclin D genes are over expressed in which cancers

A

breast,
esophagus,
liver,
lymphomas
plasma cell tumors.

56
Q

Amplification of the CDK4 gene occurs in ?

A

melanomas, sarcomas, and glioblastomas.

57
Q

deletion or inactivation of p16-CDKN2A is seened in?

A

pancreatic carcinomas
glioblastomas,
esophageal cancers,
non–small cell lung carcinomas
soft tissue sarcomas
bladder cancers.

58
Q

Patients with familial retinoblastoma also are at greatly increased risk for development of ………..

A

osteosarcomas

59
Q

hypophosphorylated Rb inhibits?

A

inhibits the E2F family of transcription factors, preventing transcription of cyclin E.

60
Q

Growth factor signaling leads to cyclin D expression and activation of ………..

A

cyclin D–CDK4/6 complexes

61
Q

cyclin E stimulates ……

A

DNA replication and progression

62
Q

At least one of the four key regulators of the cell cycle
(…….., ……. , …….. , ……. ) is mutated in most human cancers

A

CDKN2A
cyclin D
CDK4
Rb

63
Q

………… is a protein that targets p53 for destruction

A

MDM2

64
Q

CDKN1A (p21)’in oluşması için hangi protein gerekli

A

P53

65
Q

What p21 protein does

A

The p21 protein, inhibits cyclin–CDK complexes and prevents phosphorylation of Rb, thereby arresting cells in the G1 phase.

66
Q

Gadd45 proteini ne uyarır

A

P53

67
Q

Gadd45 proteinin ne yapar

A

Dna Repair

68
Q

How Doeas P53 mediated?

A

by several pro-apoptotic genes such as
PAX BUMA
**

69
Q

inherit a mutant TP53 allele causes?

A

LI FRAUMENI SYNDROME

70
Q

……….. and ….. and ….. can bind
to normal p53 and nullify its protective function.

A

HPVs, HBV, and EBV

71
Q

TGF-β is a ?

A

inhibitor of proliferation

72
Q

In 100% of pancreatic cancers and 83% of colon cancers, at least one
component of the

A

TGF-β pathway is mutated

73
Q

TGF-β pathway is mutated in?

A

In 100% of pancreatic cancers and 83% of colon cancers

74
Q

………….. mediates cell–cell contact in epithelial layers

A

E-cadherin

75
Q

NF2 nedir?

A

Bu gen, hücre büyümesini düzenlemeye yardımcı olan nörofibromin adı verilen bir protein üretir. Mutasyona uğramış gen, hücrelerin kontrolsüz büyümesine izin veren nörofibromin kaybına neden olur. NF2 geni, 22. kromozom üzerinde bulunur ve tümörleri bir protein üretir.

76
Q

HOW adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) acts

A

behaves as a typical tumor suppressor gene

77
Q

Warburg effect nedir?

A

Onkolojide, Warburg etkisi, çoğu kanser hücresinin enerjiyi ağırlıklı olarak normal hücrelerde gözlendiği gibi mitokondride ‘olağan’ sitrik asit döngüsü ve oksidatif fosforilasyon yoluyla değil, daha az verimli bir ‘aerobik glikoliz’ işlemi yoluyla ürettiği gözlemidir

78
Q

“glucose hunger seened with ….. via injecting ……..

A

PET
18F-fluorodeoxyglucose

79
Q

Short telomeres is recognized by the DNA repair
machinery, leading to cell cycle arrest and senescence,
mediated by ………………….. and …………

A

TP53 and RB.

80
Q

The prototypical angiogenesis inducer is?

A

VEGF

81
Q

The prototypical angiogenesis inhibitor is?

Damarlarda kan pıhtısı oluşumu.

A

thrombospondin-1. THbs1

82
Q

hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) is an

A

oxygen-sensitive transcription factor.

83
Q

in normal circumtances ……… … protein destroys HIF-1α

A

von Hippel–Lindau protein (VHL)

84
Q

lack of oxygen prevents ……… recognition by VHL, and it is not destroyed.

A

HIF-1α

85
Q

VHL mutations cause

A

VHL SYNDROME

hereditary renal cell cancers,
pheochromocytomas,
hemangiomas of the central nervous system,
retinal angiomas,
renal cysts

86
Q

………. molecules keep the cells together.

A

E-cadherin

87
Q

.

A

.

88
Q

………..is the final step of invasion, pushing tumor cells
through the degraded basement membranes and zones of matrix
proteolysis

A

Locomotion

89
Q

The second step in invasion is

A

local degradation of the basement membrane and interstitial connective tissue

90
Q

The third step in invasion

A

involves changes in attachment of tumor cells to ECM proteins

91
Q

Human breast cancer cells chemokine receptors are?

A

CXCR4 and CCR7.

The ligands for these receptors (chemokines CXCL12 and CCL21

92
Q

………….., an enzyme involved in melanin biosynthesis that is
expressed only in normal melanocytes and melanomas.

A

tyrosinase

93
Q

tyrosinase, an enzyme involved in ………biosynthesis that is
expressed only in normal melanocytes and melanomas.

A

melanin

94
Q

Tyrosinase, an enzyme involved in ………biosynthesis that is
expressed only in normal ……… and ……….

A

melanocytes and melanomas.

95
Q

Hereditary nonpolyposis colon carcinoma
(HNPCC) syndrome

Neden önemli

A

The role of DNA repair genes in predisposition to cancer is
illustrated dramatically by HNPCC.

cecum and proximal colon’u etkiler

96
Q

Xeroderma pigmentosum nedir?

A

defective DNA repair sonucu oluşur
sun-exposed skin kansere sebep olabilir

nucleotide excision repair system düzgün çalışmaz

97
Q

The gene mutated in ataxia-telangiectasia is

A

ATM,
,

98
Q

hereditary breast cancer caused by …………..

Mutations in two genes

A

BRCA1 and BRCA2

99
Q

…………., that carry out V(D)J segment recombination

A

RAG1 and RAG2

100
Q

RAG1 and RAG2, that carry out …………………………….

A

V(D)J segment recombination

101
Q

Tumor-Promoting Inflammation as Enabler of Malignancy?

A

Barrett esophagus,
ulcerative colitis,
H. pylori gastritis,
hepatitis B and C,
chronic pancreatitis

In addition, neutrophils; reactive oxygen species

102
Q

……………..is a naturally occurring agent produced by some
strains of Aspergillus, a mold that grows on improperly stored
grains and nuts

A

Aflatoxin B1

103
Q

Aflatoxin B1, produce characteristic mutations in the ……… gene

A

TP53

104
Q

ionizing radiation causes to?

A

A) Chromosome breakage,
B) Translocations,
C) Less frequently, point mutations

105
Q

Natural UV radiation derived from the sun can cause skin cancers

A

melanomas, squamous cell carcinomas, and basal cell carcinomas

106
Q

UV damage DNA by forming ………….

A

pyrimidine dimers

107
Q

Patients with the inherited disease xeroderma pigmentosum have a defect in the ……………….. pathweay

A

nucleotide excision repair pathway

caues skin cancers

108
Q

……………………………………..Can code TAX protein which prolipherates T cells that cause T cell leukemia/lymphoma

A

human T cell lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1)

109
Q

human T cell lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1) Can code …………. which prolipherates T cells that cause T cell leukemia/lymphoma

A

TAX protein

110
Q

human T cell lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1) Can code TAX protein which prolipherates ………… that cause T cell leukemia/lymphoma

A

T cells

111
Q

human T cell lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1) Can code TAX protein which prolipherates T cells that cause …………..

A

T cell leukemia/lymphoma

112
Q

***Four DNA viruses:

A

HPV,
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV
Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV,) [HHV-8]),
Hepatitis B virus (HBV)

113
Q

high-risk HPVs (**types ………) cause several cancers, particularly squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix

A

16 and 18

114
Q

high-risk HPVs (**types 16 and 18) cause several cancers, particularly …………

A

squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix

115
Q

HPV can be related to products of two early viral genes, ……….

A

E6 and E7.

116
Q

E7 inactivates the………. and ……….

A

CDKIs CDKN1A/p21 and CDNK1B/p27

117
Q

The E6 protein binds to and mediates the degradation of …..

A

p53

118
Q

Epstein-Barr Virus linked with …. diseases

A

Burkitt lymphoma
B cell lymphomas
Hodgkin lymphoma
nasopharyngeal carcinoma
gastric carcinomas
NK cell lymphomas

119
Q

Burkitt lymphoma is endemic in certain parts of ……and is sporadic elsewhere.

A

Africa

120
Q

EBV uses the complement receptor ……. to attach to and
infect B cells.

A

CD21

121
Q

Relationship between Chronic HBV /hepatitis C virus (HCV) can cause?

A

hepatocellular carcinoma

122
Q

H. pylori infection is genesis of both ……… and…..

A

gastric adenocarcinomas and gastric lymphomas

123
Q

gastric lymphomas reffered as

A

MALT lymphomas.

3. sınıf 1. komite (35 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions