Year 2: Neuroscience Flashcards
From which regions of the central nervous system do parasympathetic nerves originate?
Cranial and sacral regions
From which regions of the central nervous system do sympathetic nerves originate?
Thoracic and lumbar regions
What types of nerves arise from the spinal cord and innervate skeletal muscle directly?
Somatic nerves
True or False? Craniosacral parasympathetic axons synapse on neurons in the peripheral ganglia.
True
What neurotransmitter mediates parasympathetic nervous system function?
Acetylcholine
What neurotransmitter receptor mediates parasympathetic nervous system function at the peripheral ganglia?
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
What neurotransmitter receptor mediates parasympathetic tone in the cardiac muscle?
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (specifically, M2)
What neurotransmitter receptor mediates parasympathetic tone in the smooth muscle?
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (specifically, M3)
Somatic nerves that arise from the spine innervate skeletal muscle. What neurotransmitter receptor, which is located on skeletal muscle, receives this input?
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
Where is the first synapse after the spinal cord in sympathetic innervation of an organ?
Preganglionic sympathetic axons synapse on neurons in the paravertebral ganglia
What neurotransmitter mediates sympathetic tone in the cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glandular cells?
Norepinephrine
What two substances are released into the blood from the adrenal medulla after the activation of the sympathetic nervous system?Epinephrine and norepinephrine
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
What are the major effects of α1-receptor activation?
It increases vascular smooth muscle contraction, and increases pupillary dilator muscle contraction (mydriasis)
What are the major functions of α2-receptor activation?
It decreases sympathetic outflow and decreases insulin release
What are the major functions of β1-receptor activation?
It increases heart rate and contractility, increases renin release from the kidneys, and increases lipolysis of adipose tissue
