Pulmonary: anatomy and physiology Flashcards
Pulmonary: anatomy & physiology
Principal muscles of inspiration:
- DIAPHRAGM: primary muscle of inspiration.
- INTERCOSTALS: ext & int
Pulmonary: anatomy & physiology
Innervation of the diaphragm:
Phrenic nerve C3 to C5
Pulmonary: anatomy & physiology
Innervation of the intercostals muscles:
T1 to T12
Pulmonary: anatomy & physiology
Innervation of the abdominal muscles:
- T6 - L1
- T4 injury? Can get a breath in, but what if they need to cough?
Pulmonary: anatomy & physiology
Function of type I alveolar cells:
main site for gas exchange
Pulmonary: anatomy & physiology
Function of type II alveolar cells:
Secrete surfactant
Pulmonary: anatomy & physiology
In which lung is the horizontal fissure?
R lung only, separates R upper and R middle lobes
Pulmonary: anatomy & physiology
Right and left lung lobes:
- Right lung: 3 lobes, oblique and horizontal fissures.
- Left lung: 2 lobes, lingula, oblique fissures.
Pulmonary: anatomy & physiology
Thoracentesis:
is a procedure to remove fluid from the space between the lungs and the chest wall
Pulmonary: anatomy & physiology
What is diffusion:
passage of O2 and CO2 across the capillary alveoli membrane
Pulmonary: anatomy & physiology
Perfusion
transport dissolved and bound gases to/from lungs and cells in blood
(=how much of the blood perfused in the lungs is getting into our system)
Pulmonary: anatomy & physiology
An area of low V/Q will have…
lower oxygen saturation after passing the alveoli
(High perfusion of blood but low ventilation)
Pulmonary: anatomy & physiology
An area of high V/Q will have…
low blood perfusion but high ventilation =
highly oxygen saturated blood
Pulmonary: anatomy & physiology
What is the Hering-Breuer Reflex?
The Hering–Breuer inflation reflex, named for Josef Breuer and Ewald Hering, is a reflex triggered to prevent over-inflation of the lung. Pulmonary stretch receptors present in the smooth muscle of the airways (bronchi and bronchioles) respond to excessive stretching of the lung during large inspirations
Pulmonary: anatomy & physiology
Tidal volume (VT):
normally inhaled and exhaled air during quiet breathing, 4-7l.
Pulmonary: anatomy & physiology
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV):
additional volume of air that can be taken beyond VT, 2+L
Pulmonary: anatomy & physiology
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV):
additional volume of air that can be let out beyond VT, 0.5-1 L
Pulmonary: anatomy & physiology
Residual Volume (RV):
air that remains in the lungs after a forceful exhalation, 1-2 L.
Pulmonary: anatomy & physiology
Minute Ventilation:
VE = VT x RR.
amount of air moved in and out in 1 min.
Pulmonary: anatomy & physiology
Average lung can hold around
5 liters of air
Pulmonary: anatomy & physiology
Inspiratory Capacity (IC):
sum of VT and IRV.
Pulmonary: anatomy & physiology
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC):
sum of ERV and RV. “Relaxation Volume.”
Pulmonary: anatomy & physiology
Vital Capacity (VC):
IRV + TV + ERV, max amount of air that can be expelled following max inhalation.
Pulmonary: anatomy & physiology
Total Lung Capacity (TLC):
max volume to which lungs can be expanded = sum of all volumes.
Pulmonary: anatomy & physiology
What will cause a shift to the right in the Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve?
- Exercise
- Temperature
- PH decrease
Pulmonary: anatomy & physiology
What will cause a shift to the left in the Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve?
Pulmonary: anatomy & physiology
Inspiratory Vital Capacity (IVC):
max amount of air inhaled from point of max exhalation.
Pulmonary: anatomy & physiology
Do we use ALL the air we breathe in?
no:
- Anatomic Dead Space: air in the upper airways
- Physiologic Dead Space: volume of air which is inhaled that does not take part in the gas exchange, either because it (1) remains in the conducting airways, or (2) reaches alveoli that are not perfused or poorly perfuse
Pulmonary: anatomy & physiology
Pulmonary perfusion is _________ dependent (gravity).
position
Pulmonary: anatomy & physiology
Shunt =
poor ventilation
Pulmonary: anatomy & physiology
Normal V/Q is:
0.8 - 1.0
- Poor ventilation – shunt (obstruction)
- Poor perfusion – physiologic dead space
