World History Flashcards
1
Q
Mesopotamia means ____.
A
Land between the rivers
- lies between Tigris and Euphrates
2
Q
Oldest civilisation of the world
A
Mesopotamia
3
Q
4 regions that comprise Mesopotamia
A
Sumer (south), Babylonia and Akkad (middle) and Assyria (north)
4
Q
Greatest ruler of Babylonia
A
Hammurabi
- gave the code of laws
- unified modern day Iraq
5
Q
Hitties came from ____.
A
Asia Minor (now Turkey)
- destroyed Mesopotamian civ
6
Q
First to make use of horses for war chariots
A
Hitties
- also first to make iron implements
7
Q
First to make glass ware
A
Mesopotamia
8
Q
_____ were first to evolve a proper system of writing.
A
Sumerians
- cuneiform - deciphered by Henry Rawlinson
9
Q
Mesopotamian system of counting is called _____
A
Sexagesimal
- count in 60; still used to count divisions of time
10
Q
Mesopotamians discovered _____ in geometry
A
Pythagoras theorem
11
Q
In astronomy, Mesopotamians discovered these:
A
Lunar calendar
Calculated length of day and night
Divided the sky into constellations / zodiac
12
Q
Old Kingdom of the Egyptian civilisation is also known as ____
A
Age of Pyramids
13
Q
Why did Egyptians mummify bodies?
A
They believed after death, body and soul continue to live.
14
Q
Two specimens of Egyptian architectural excellence.
A
Pyramids & Sphinx
15
Q
_____ in Egypt is one of the seven wonders of the world.
A
Great Pyramid, Giza, Cairo
- built by King Cheops (Khufu)
16
Q
Egyptian script is called ____.
A
Hieroglyphs
- found on papyrus sheets
- Discovered by Champollion
17
Q
Achievement of Egyptians in astronomy
A
Solar calendar
18
Q
Achievement of Egyptians in math
A
Decimal system of numeration
19
Q
Earliest Chinese civilisation
A
Shang Dynasty
20
Q
Shang dynasty was overthrown by _____
A
Chou Dynasty
21
Q
The ____ were first to calculate length of year.
A
Chinese
22
Q
Chinese script is _____
A
Pictographic
23
Q
____ dynasty built the Great Wall to keep invaders out.
A
Chin
24
Q
____ were the first dynasty to create a system of selecting public officials based on education and competitive exam.
A
Han Dynasty
25
____ were scholarly officials who qualified the system of examination in the Han Dynasty.
Mandarins
26
Han rulers where greatly influenced by the teaching of this philosopher.
Confucius
27
Two major religions of ancient China
Taoism and Confucianism
28
____ religion was brought into China by Indians.
Buddhism
- during Han rule
29
Chinese script was standardised by ____ ruler. Also influenced ____, ____ & ____ scripts.
Chin ruler
| Vietnamese, Japanese & Korean
30
One of Ancient China's greatest contribution to the world.
Invention of paper
31
_____ is also known as Herodotus of China
Ssuma Chien
32
____ invented the seismographs.
Chinese
33
____ empire started in Iran in mid 6th cent BC.
Achaemenid
- Founder: Cyrus
- Capital: Pasaragedae
34
The Achaemenid empire was greatest under ____.
Darius I
- spread over Iran, Mesopotamia, Syria, Egypt, Asia minor & North western India
- New Capital: Persepolis
35
_____ conquered the Achaemenid empire under Darius III rule
Alexander (the Great)
36
The Sassanid empire was founded by _____ in 3rd century AD.
Ardashir
37
____ voyaged from the mouth of Indus to Egypt.
Scylax
- famous explorer in Iran
38
Main religion of ancient Iranians
Zoroastrianism
- founded by Zarathustra / Zoroaster
39
Teaching of Zarathustra are recorded in _____.
Zend Avesta
- Holy book of Parsis
- Best known ancient literature of Iran
40
In Zoroastrianism, _____ god was good and ____ was evil.
Ahura Mazda, Ahirman
- Sun and fire became visible symbol of Ahura Mazda
41
___ and ___ religions are indebted to Zoroastrianism.
Christianity and Judaism
42
____ revived old Persian.
Sassanids
43
Official language of Achaemenid empire.
Aramaic
44
Greek god of Sky
Zeus
- created thunder
45
Greek god of Sea
Poseidon
- raised storms that sank ships
46
Greek Sun god
Apollo
- revealed future
47
Greek goddess of war
Athena
- also patron of arts
48
Greek goddess of wine
Dionysus
49
Most important city states in Greece
Sparta & Athens
50
Most important ruler of Athens
Pericles
51
Greek defeated Darius I in this Battle.
Battle of Marathon
- 490 BC
52
Athens lost the ____ war against Sparta
Peloponnesian
53
Alexander was the son of _____.
Philip of Macedonia
- started conquering from age 20
54
____ is the reason for creation of trade between Europe and Asia.
Alexander's conquests
55
Alexander defeated ____ on the Jhelum in 326 BC.
King Porus
56
_____, a roman emperor banned the Olympic Games as pagan manifestations.
Theodosius
57
Founder of Greek tragedy
Aeschylus
58
Greatest greek tragedian
Sophocles
- wrote Electra, Antigone and Oedipus Rex
59
Master of greek comedy
Aristophanes
60
Father of History
Herodotus
61
Father of medicine
Hippocrates
62
Rome civilisation was located on ____ river.
Tiber
63
Founder of city of Rome
Romulus
- language of ancient Romans: Latin
64
The Romans defeated the Carthaginians in _____ war.
Punic Wars [264 BC-146 BC]
65
Who were the leaders of the conspiracy to kill Julius Ceasar?
Brutus & Cassius
66
After Caesar's assassination, who got power of the kingdom?
Mark-Anthony, Lapidus [Caesar's friend] & Octavian [grand nephew]
67
Other names given to Octavian
Augustus Imperator [holy victorious general]
| Princeps [first citizen of the state]
68
Peaceful period of Octavia's rule is also called ____.
Pax Romana [Roman peace]
69
Constantinople was created by Constantine who was the successor of _____.
Diocletian
- Roman civilization
70
Eastern part of Roman empire was also called ____.
Byzantine
71
____ was the Roman god who sent rain for crops
Jupiter
72
____ was the Roman god of war
Mars
73
____ was the Roman god messenger
Mercury
74
____ was the Roman god of the sea
Neptune
75
____ was the Roman god who protected women
Juno
76
____ became the language of the educated people in Europe.
Latin
77
Roman philosophers
Markus Aurelius, Seneca, Cicero, Lucretius
78
Roman poets
Horace, Virgil
79
Famous Roman historians
Tacitus & Pliny
80
Roman architecture introduced _____.
Arches & domes
81
7 wonders of the ancient world
```
Great Pyramid of Giza, Egypt
Hanging Gardens of Babylon
Statue of Zeus at Olympia
Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, Turkey
Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, Turkey
Colossus of Rhodes, Greece
Lighthouse of Alexandria, Egypt
```
82
7 wonders of the modern world
```
The Great Wall of China
The Taj Mahal, India
Petra, Jordan
The Colosseum in Rome, Italy
Christ the Redeemer statue, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Chichen Itza, Mexico
Machu Picchu, Peru
```
83
Famous church in the Byzantine empire
Church of St. Sophia in Constantinople
- during reign of King Justinian
84
What were the Crusades?
Military expedition under banner of cross to retrieve Holy Places of Palestine from Muslim occupation
85
4 Crusades were fought to retrieve _____ from Seljuq Turks.
Jerusalem
86
Prophet of Islam
Mohammad
87
____ is the year of Hijira
622 AD
- when Mohammad moved from Mecca to Medina
- considered as the beginning of Muslim era
88
____ contains the practices of Mohammed
Sunna
89
____ contains the sayings of Mohammed
Hadees
90
Principal city of Omayyad dynasty
Damascus
91
____ finally ended the Eastern Roman empire
Ottoman Turks
92
____ discovered the true nature of small pox
Al Razi
93
Discovery by Ibn Sina
That TB is infectious
94
Arab style of decorative writing
Calligraphy
95
Rulers of Medieval China
Tangs --> Sungs --> Mongols --> Mings --> Manchus
96
Name of the Japanese art of flower arrangement
Ikebana
97
Religion of Japan before Buddhism
Shintoism
98
Seven wonders of Medieval world
```
Stonehenge of England
Leaning Tower of Pisa
Coliseum of Rome
Hagia Sophia
Great Wall of China
Catacombs of Kom el Shoqafa, Alexandria
Tower of Najing
```
99
____ became the home of the Renaissance period [16th century]
Italy
100
Writers of Renaissance period
Machiavelli, Petrarch, Dante & Boccaccio
101
Painters of Renaissance
Da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphel
102
First printed book
Gutenberg Bible [1456]
103
Father of modern printing
Johannes Gutenberg
104
Inventor of block printing
Bi Sheng, ancient China
105
Reformation started by _____ in _____ in 1517 by publicly protesting the sale of ____.
Martin Luther, Wittenburg [Germany], Letters of Indulgence
106
_____ were also considered as passports to heaven during 16th century.
Letters of Indulgence
107
What was the Counter-Reformation Movement?
Started by the Roman Catholic Church to combat actions of Protestant Movement
108
First European to visit China
Marco Polo
109
_____ discovered Cape of Good Hope
Bartholomew Diaz
110
This Portugal navigator encourage sailors by making maps of trips to Africa coast.
Prince Henry
111
____ discovered Calicut in India.
Vasco da Gama [1498]
112
____ discovered America
Columbus
113
____ discovered Brazil
Pedro A. Cabral
114
____ discovered the North Pole
Robert Peary
115
____ named the Pacific Ocean.
Magellan
- first to sail around world; then Francis Drake sailed the world
- discovered the Strait of Magellan
116
What was the Bloodless Revolution?
Transfer of power of England from James II to William and Mary [James' sister] without any bloodshed.
- 1688
- James fled to France
117
____ was a royal charter of rights agreed to by King John of England at Runnymede, in 1215.
Magna Carta
- established that everyone was subject to the law, even the king
- guarantees the rights of individuals, the right to justice and the right to a fair trial
118
____ is a writ requiring a person under arrest to be brought before a judge to secure the person's release unless lawful grounds are shown for their arrest.
Habeas Corpus Act, 1679
- started during reign of Charles II
119
The ____ is a landmark Act in the constitutional law of England that sets out certain basic civil rights and clarifies who would be next to inherit the Crown.
Bill of Rights, 1689
120
____ was invented during the Industrial Revolution by James Hargreaves.
Spinning Jenny
121
Richard Arkwright invented the ______
Water frame, 1769
122
Who invented the spinning mule?
Samuel Crompton
- 1779
123
Who invented the power loom?
Emmund Cartwright
- 1785
124
James Watt invented the _____.
Steam engine
- 1769
125
Time period of the American Revolution
1775-83
126
When did the Boston Tea Party occur?
Dec 1773
127
Author of Declaration of Independence
Thomas Jefferson
128
England acknowledged American independence in ___.
Treaty of Paris, 1783
- George Washington: first US president
129
The French Revolution gave birth to this new idea.
Liberty, Equality & Fraternity
130
_____, _____ & _____ critiqued the undemocratic nature of French society in 17th century.
Montesquieu, Voltaire & Rousseau
131
_____ & _____ were beheaded for treason after the French Revolution.
King Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette
132
____ kingdom was most powerful in Italy during the early 19th century
Sardinia
133
Who organised the independence and unification of Italy?
Mazzini & Garibaldi
- Young Italy movement
134
____ was the leading figure who took the initiative of Italian unification.
Count Cavour
- Former Italian PM
- aka Bismarck of Italy
135
_____ was the first King of united Italy.
Victor Emmanuel II
136
After the Napoleonic wars, ____ was the most powerful state in Germany.
Prussia
137
_____ first proposed the unification of Germany.
Frankfurt Assembly
138
____ masterminded the unification of Germany in 1871.
Ottoman Van Bismarck
- 'blood and iron' policy
- united 22 states into North German Confederation
139
____ war completed unification of Germany.
Prussia-France war, 1870
- Louis Bonaparte [French emperor] was captured.
140
Formal ceremony where William I took on title of German Emperor took place here.
Versailles, France
141
Central powers in WW1
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey & Bulgaria
142
Allied powers in WW1
UK, Italy, USA, Japan, Belgium, Russia, France, Serbia & Romania
143
Period of WW1
July 1914 - Nov 1918
144
Causes for WW1
```
Militarism
Competitive Patriotism
Anglo-German Rivalry
Economic Imperialization
Lack of International Organisations
```
145
The murder of _____ was the immediate cause of WW1
Archduke Ferdinand & Sophie
- killed by a Serbian in Sarajevo, Bosnia
146
These 3 countries decided the terms of the peace treaty after WW1
America [Woodrow Wilson], Britain [Lloyd George], France [George Clemenceau]
- 27 countries represented
147
Woodrow Wilson founded this organization.
The League of Nations [1920]
- first worldwide intergovernmental organisation whose principal mission was to maintain world peace
148
____ revolution established the ideology of Marxism.
Russian Revolution
149
____ was overthrown during Russian Revolution.
Czar Nicholas II
- marked beginning of Russian Revolution, 1917
150
USSR came into being in ____.
1923
- Lenin: first leader
151
Father of modern China
Sun Yat-Sen
152
____ was also called 'Sickman of Europe'
Turkey
153
____ was an agitation by Indian Muslims allied with Indian nationalism in the years following World War I.
Khilafat Movement
- to pressure the British to preserve the authority of the Ottoman Sultan as Caliph of Islam after breakup of the Ottoman Empire
154
Founder of modern Turkey
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
155
Period of Great Depression
1929-1934
156
President of America during GD
Hoover
- Then Franklin D. Roosevelt introduced New Deal policies to recover
157
Founder of Italian Fascist Party
Mussolini
- fascist dictator of Italy from 1925-1945
158
Period of WW2
Sept 1939 - Sept 1945
