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TISSNET > Geography 2 > Flashcards

Geography 2 Flashcards

1
Q

_____ measures the magnitude of an earthquake.

A

Richter Scale

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2
Q

_____ measures the damage cause by an earthquake.

A

Mercalli Intensity Scale

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3
Q

____ is the place of origin of an earthquake.

A

Focus

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4
Q

_____ is the area perpendicular to the focus.

A

Epicentre

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5
Q

_____ is the study of earthquakes.

A

Seismology

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6
Q

The _____ waves of an earthquake can move through solid rock and fluids, like water or the liquid layers of the earth.

A

Primary or ‘P’ waves

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7
Q

Which type of wave causes the most structural damage on earth?

A

Surface waves or ‘L’ waves

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8
Q

Indian plate clashes with ____ plate, which is also responsible for the Himalayas ranges rising by 1 cm each year.

A

Eurasian plate

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9
Q

The Indian plate is moving from South to North at ____ speeds.

A

5 cm / year

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10
Q

Which is the second most important earthquake zone in India?

A

Parallel to Punjab & Rann of Kutch

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11
Q

Which are the earthquake prone states in India?

A

Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Assam, Nagaland, Jammu & Kashmir, Manipur, Adaman & Nicobar Islands, Tripura, north Bihar

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12
Q

Which are the three traditional zones of earthquakes?

A
  • Circum Pacific Belt
  • Mid Atlantic Belt
  • Mid Continental Belt
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13
Q

What are shadow zones?

A

Areas where earthquakes rarely occur

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14
Q

_____ explosions lead to the formation of lava plateaus.

A

Fissure / quiet

  • eg: Deccan plateau
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15
Q

Examples of active volcanoes

A

Etna [Italy], Stromboli [Italy], Mayon [Philippines]

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16
Q

Examples of dormant volcanoes

A

Fujiyama [Japan], Krakatoa [Indonesia]

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17
Q

What is the name of the world’s highest active volcano?

A

Hawaii’s Mauna Loa

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18
Q

What is the shortest volcano in the world?

A

Cuexcomate, Mexico

  • has been used to store meals and dispose of dead bodies
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19
Q

Highest volcano on earth

A

Ojos del Salado, Chile [6873 m]

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20
Q

_____ rocks are also called primary rocks.

A

Igneous

  • formed by cooling of magma
  • hard and granular; less affected by chemical erosion
  • eg: Granite, Sills, Basalt
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21
Q

Examples of sedimentary rocks

A

Mechanically formed: Sandstone
Chemically formed: Gypsum
Organically formed: Coal, limestone

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22
Q

_____ rocks change in form or composition without disintegration.

A

Metamorphic

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23
Q

What are agents of metamorphism?

A

Heat, solution, compression

  • Metamorphism occurs because some minerals are stable only under certain conditions of pressure and temperature. When pressure and temperature change, chemical reactions occur to cause the minerals in the rock to change to become stable at the new pressure and temperature conditions.
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24
Q

Give the metamorphic rock forms of the following rocks.

  • Limestone
  • Sandstone
  • Coal
  • Shale
  • Clay
A 
Limestone --> Marble
Sandstone --> Quartzite
Coal --> Diamond
Shale --> Slate
Clay --> Slate
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25
Q

Examples of fold mountains

A

Young (post continental drift): Himalayan, Alps, Andes, Rockies

Old (pre-drift era): Appalachians, Aravalli, Pennines

  • Himalayas is the youngest mountain range.
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26
Q

Example of block mountains

A

Vindhya and Satpura ranges, India

Black forest, Germany

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27
Q

Volcanic mountains are also called _____.

A

Mountains of Accumulation

eg: Mt. Fuji [Japan], Cotopaxi [Andes], Etna [Italy], Mayon [Philippines]

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28
Q

Examples of residual / dissected mountains in India

A

Nilgiris, Girnar, Deccan Plateau

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29
Q

Highest plateau in the world

A

Tibetan plateau

  • tectonic plateau
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30
Q

When plateaus are enclosed by fold mountains, they are called _____.

A

Intermont plateau

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31
Q

Examples of dissected plateau

A

Scottish Highlands

  • a plateau that has been intensely eroded so that the relief becomes sharp
  • eroded region tends to appears mountainous or as hilly slopes and valleys
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32
Q

97% of the Earth’s atmosphere comes within the height of _____ from the Earth’s surface.

A

29 km

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33
Q

The atmosphere extends _____ miles from sea level.

A

600

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34
Q

Composition of gases in the atmosphere.

A

Nitrogen: 78%
Oxygen: 21%
Argon, CO2, Neon: 1%

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35
Q

What is the normal lapse rate of temperaute?

A

Drop of 1 degree Celsius every 165 m

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36
Q

_______ separates the troposphere and stratosphere.

A

Tropopause

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37
Q

All weather conditions occur in this layer of atmosphere.

A

Troposphere

38
Q

What is temperature inversion in the atmosphere.

A

In the stratosphere, temperature increases with the increase in height.

39
Q

The ozonosphere lies in the ______.

A

Stratosphere

40
Q

_____ layer in the atmosphere is considered ideal for flights and jets.

A

Stratosphere

  • it’s free of dust particles and atmospheric turbulences
41
Q

_____ is the coldest layer of the atmosphere.

A

Mesosphere

42
Q

Mesopause separates _____ from _____.

A

Mesosphere, Ionosphere

43
Q

____ layer of atmosphere makes radio communication possible.

A

Ionosphere

  • contains electrically charged ions that reflect radio waves back to Earth
44
Q

____ acts as a protective layer from meteorites.

A

Ionosphere

45
Q

____ is the outermost layer of atmosphere.

A

Exosphere

46
Q

______ and _____ layers display temperature inversion.

A

Stratosphere & Thermosphere

47
Q

The outer part of the exosphere is called _____.

A

Magnetosphere

48
Q

Solar radiation intercepted by Earth is called _____.

A

Insolation

  • measured with pyranometers
49
Q

What is Albedo?

A

Portion of radiation energy of the sun reflected from the earth’s surface

50
Q

The mechanism of maintaining the same temperature throughout by the atmosphere is called ______.

A

Heat Budget / Heat Balance

51
Q

What is atmospheric pressure?

A

The pressure exerted by the atmosphere on the Earth’s surface because of it’s weight.

  • Factors that influence AP is altitude, rotation of earth and temperature
52
Q

The ______ is also called the belt of calm or doldrums.

A

Equatorial Low Pressure Belt

  • located on either side of geographical equator [between 5°N and 5°S]
  • zone of convergence of NE and SE trade winds
  • thermally induced
  • characterised by light feeble winds
53
Q

The ____ is also called the Horse Latitude.

A

Sub-Tropical High Pressure Belt

  • between 30°-35° on either side
  • dynamically induced by rotation
54
Q

Sub-Polar Low pressure belt

A

Between 60°-65° on either side

  • dynamically induced
  • more developed in South Hem, due to larger presence of oceans that NH
55
Q

Polar High Pressure Belt

A

High pressure throughout the year due to consistent low temperatures

56
Q

The slope of air movements from higher to lower pressure is called pressure gradient. Another name for it is _____.

A

Barometric slope

57
Q

______ caused by the rotation of the Earth deviates the expected direction of wind movement.

A

Coriolis Effect

  • winds deflected to right in the North & left in the South
  • no effect on the equator; keeps rising towards the poles
58
Q

_____ law predicts the deflection of a particle (water, air, ice, or the like) in motion of the Coriolis effect.

A

Ferrel’s

59
Q

The Westerlies are called ____ in 40-50°, _____ at 50° and ______ at 60°.

A

Roaring forties, furious fifties, screaming sixties

60
Q

The westerlies blow from _____ to _____.

A

Sub-tropical high pressure belt to Sub-polar low pressure belt

61
Q

Polar winds blow from ______ to _____.

A

Polar high pressure belts to Sub-polar low pressure belts

62
Q

_____ winds reverse direction every 6 months.

A

Seasonal

Eg: Monsoon winds

63
Q

_____ cyclones are not found between 0-8° as there is no Coriolis effect there.

A

Tropical cyclones

64
Q

Which cyclones are smaller in size - tropical / temperate?

A

Tropical

65
Q

______ are also known as a weatherless phenomena.

A

Anti-cyclones

  • high pressure in their center and low pressure moving outward
  • centre to outward moves clockwise in NH; anticlockwise in SH
66
Q

How is humidity measured?

A

Hygrometer & sling psychrometer

67
Q

How do you measure relative humidity?

A

(Absolute humidity / Humidity capacity) x 100

68
Q

When is the temperature said to be at dew-point?

A

When air is completely saturated with 100% humidity

69
Q

As per international standards, visibility of less that _____ is considered to be fog.

A

1 km

70
Q

Visibility of 1-2km is considered _____.

A

Haze

71
Q

_____ rainfall occurs due to ascent of air forced by a mountain barrier.

A

Orographic

72
Q

The windward side of slopes have ____ clouds and leeward side has ____ clouds.

A

Cumulous, stratus

73
Q

Types of clouds

A
  • Cirrus: feather looking, high clouds
  • Cumulus: heap looking, flat bases and rounded tops
  • Stratus: layer type clouds
  • Alto: high
  • Nimbus: rain clouds
74
Q

Names of high clouds

A

Cirrus, cirro-cumulus, cirro-stratus

75
Q

Names of middle clouds

A

Alto-cumulus, alto-stratus

76
Q

Names of low clouds

A

Strato-cumulus, nimbo-stratus [often gives continuous rain], stratus

77
Q

Names of clouds with vertical extent

A

Cumulus, cumulo-nimbus [convectional precipitation clouds]

78
Q

Famous grasslands of the world

A 
Steppe [Eurasia]
Prairie [USA]
Pampas [Argentina]
Downs [Australia]
Cantebury [New Zealand]
Pustaz [Hungary]
79
Q

______ is a line on a map connecting points having equal incidence of a specified meteorological feature.

A

Isopleth

80
Q

_____ provide the richest fishing grounds in the world. 20% of petrol and gas are also found here.

A

Continental Shelves

81
Q

The boundary between a continental shelf and slope is called ____.

A

Andesite Line

82
Q

_____ cover 76% of total oceanic area.

A

Abyssal / Deep Sea Plains

83
Q

A ridge rising more than 1000m above the ocean floor is called a ______.

A

Seamount

  • flat topped sea mounts are called Guyouts
  • formed by volcanic activity
  • largest number found in Pacific
84
Q

Coral reefs are formed by the accumulation of skeletons of lime secreting organisms called ______.

A

Coral polyps

85
Q

Coral Reefs

A
  • mostly found in tropical oceans and seas; need high annual temperature
  • not found in deeper parts of ocean due to lack of sunlight
86
Q

_____ corals develop along the continental margins.

A

Fringing

  • they could get detached from shore by the lagoon ‘Boat Channel’
  • found in Rameshwaram
87
Q

Largest coastal reefs

A

Barrier reefs

  • Found in Nicobar and Lakshadweep
  • Great Barrier Reefs in Australia are largest barrier reefs in the world
88
Q

What is coral bleaching?

A

When corals are stressed (by temperature, light or nutrients) and release the algae living on them, making their colour turn white.

89
Q

Average salinity in ______ hemisphere is greater than ______ hemisphere.

A

Southern, Northern

90
Q

Most saline water body

A

Lake Assel [35%]

  • Dead sea has 33.7 salinity

TISSNET (47 decks)

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