Geography 2 Flashcards
1
Q
_____ measures the magnitude of an earthquake.
A
Richter Scale
2
Q
_____ measures the damage cause by an earthquake.
A
Mercalli Intensity Scale
3
Q
____ is the place of origin of an earthquake.
A
Focus
4
Q
_____ is the area perpendicular to the focus.
A
Epicentre
5
Q
_____ is the study of earthquakes.
A
Seismology
6
Q
The _____ waves of an earthquake can move through solid rock and fluids, like water or the liquid layers of the earth.
A
Primary or ‘P’ waves
7
Q
Which type of wave causes the most structural damage on earth?
A
Surface waves or ‘L’ waves
8
Q
Indian plate clashes with ____ plate, which is also responsible for the Himalayas ranges rising by 1 cm each year.
A
Eurasian plate
9
Q
The Indian plate is moving from South to North at ____ speeds.
A
5 cm / year
10
Q
Which is the second most important earthquake zone in India?
A
Parallel to Punjab & Rann of Kutch
11
Q
Which are the earthquake prone states in India?
A
Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Assam, Nagaland, Jammu & Kashmir, Manipur, Adaman & Nicobar Islands, Tripura, north Bihar
12
Q
Which are the three traditional zones of earthquakes?
A
- Circum Pacific Belt
- Mid Atlantic Belt
- Mid Continental Belt
13
Q
What are shadow zones?
A
Areas where earthquakes rarely occur
14
Q
_____ explosions lead to the formation of lava plateaus.
A
Fissure / quiet
- eg: Deccan plateau
15
Q
Examples of active volcanoes
A
Etna [Italy], Stromboli [Italy], Mayon [Philippines]
16
Q
Examples of dormant volcanoes
A
Fujiyama [Japan], Krakatoa [Indonesia]
17
Q
What is the name of the world’s highest active volcano?
A
Hawaii’s Mauna Loa
18
Q
What is the shortest volcano in the world?
A
Cuexcomate, Mexico
- has been used to store meals and dispose of dead bodies
19
Q
Highest volcano on earth
A
Ojos del Salado, Chile [6873 m]
20
Q
_____ rocks are also called primary rocks.
A
Igneous
- formed by cooling of magma
- hard and granular; less affected by chemical erosion
- eg: Granite, Sills, Basalt
21
Q
Examples of sedimentary rocks
A
Mechanically formed: Sandstone
Chemically formed: Gypsum
Organically formed: Coal, limestone
22
Q
_____ rocks change in form or composition without disintegration.
A
Metamorphic
23
Q
What are agents of metamorphism?
A
Heat, solution, compression
- Metamorphism occurs because some minerals are stable only under certain conditions of pressure and temperature. When pressure and temperature change, chemical reactions occur to cause the minerals in the rock to change to become stable at the new pressure and temperature conditions.
24
Q
Give the metamorphic rock forms of the following rocks.
- Limestone
- Sandstone
- Coal
- Shale
- Clay
A
Limestone --> Marble Sandstone --> Quartzite Coal --> Diamond Shale --> Slate Clay --> Slate
25
Examples of fold mountains
Young (post continental drift): Himalayan, Alps, Andes, Rockies
Old (pre-drift era): Appalachians, Aravalli, Pennines
- Himalayas is the youngest mountain range.
26
Example of block mountains
Vindhya and Satpura ranges, India
| Black forest, Germany
27
Volcanic mountains are also called _____.
Mountains of Accumulation
eg: Mt. Fuji [Japan], Cotopaxi [Andes], Etna [Italy], Mayon [Philippines]
28
Examples of residual / dissected mountains in India
Nilgiris, Girnar, Deccan Plateau
29
Highest plateau in the world
Tibetan plateau
- tectonic plateau
30
When plateaus are enclosed by fold mountains, they are called _____.
Intermont plateau
31
Examples of dissected plateau
Scottish Highlands
- a plateau that has been intensely eroded so that the relief becomes sharp
- eroded region tends to appears mountainous or as hilly slopes and valleys
32
97% of the Earth's atmosphere comes within the height of _____ from the Earth's surface.
29 km
33
The atmosphere extends _____ miles from sea level.
600
34
Composition of gases in the atmosphere.
Nitrogen: 78%
Oxygen: 21%
Argon, CO2, Neon: 1%
35
What is the normal lapse rate of temperaute?
Drop of 1 degree Celsius every 165 m
36
_______ separates the troposphere and stratosphere.
Tropopause
37
All weather conditions occur in this layer of atmosphere.
Troposphere
38
What is temperature inversion in the atmosphere.
In the stratosphere, temperature increases with the increase in height.
39
The ozonosphere lies in the ______.
Stratosphere
40
_____ layer in the atmosphere is considered ideal for flights and jets.
Stratosphere
- it's free of dust particles and atmospheric turbulences
41
_____ is the coldest layer of the atmosphere.
Mesosphere
42
Mesopause separates _____ from _____.
Mesosphere, Ionosphere
43
____ layer of atmosphere makes radio communication possible.
Ionosphere
- contains electrically charged ions that reflect radio waves back to Earth
44
____ acts as a protective layer from meteorites.
Ionosphere
45
____ is the outermost layer of atmosphere.
Exosphere
46
______ and _____ layers display temperature inversion.
Stratosphere & Thermosphere
47
The outer part of the exosphere is called _____.
Magnetosphere
48
Solar radiation intercepted by Earth is called _____.
Insolation
- measured with pyranometers
49
What is Albedo?
Portion of radiation energy of the sun reflected from the earth's surface
50
The mechanism of maintaining the same temperature throughout by the atmosphere is called ______.
Heat Budget / Heat Balance
51
What is atmospheric pressure?
The pressure exerted by the atmosphere on the Earth's surface because of it's weight.
- Factors that influence AP is altitude, rotation of earth and temperature
52
The ______ is also called the belt of calm or doldrums.
Equatorial Low Pressure Belt
- located on either side of geographical equator [between 5°N and 5°S]
- zone of convergence of NE and SE trade winds
- thermally induced
- characterised by light feeble winds
53
The ____ is also called the Horse Latitude.
Sub-Tropical High Pressure Belt
- between 30°-35° on either side
- dynamically induced by rotation
54
Sub-Polar Low pressure belt
Between 60°-65° on either side
- dynamically induced
- more developed in South Hem, due to larger presence of oceans that NH
55
Polar High Pressure Belt
High pressure throughout the year due to consistent low temperatures
56
The slope of air movements from higher to lower pressure is called pressure gradient. Another name for it is _____.
Barometric slope
57
______ caused by the rotation of the Earth deviates the expected direction of wind movement.
Coriolis Effect
- winds deflected to right in the North & left in the South
- no effect on the equator; keeps rising towards the poles
58
_____ law predicts the deflection of a particle (water, air, ice, or the like) in motion of the Coriolis effect.
Ferrel's
59
The Westerlies are called ____ in 40-50°, _____ at 50° and ______ at 60°.
Roaring forties, furious fifties, screaming sixties
60
The westerlies blow from _____ to _____.
Sub-tropical high pressure belt to Sub-polar low pressure belt
61
Polar winds blow from ______ to _____.
Polar high pressure belts to Sub-polar low pressure belts
62
_____ winds reverse direction every 6 months.
Seasonal
Eg: Monsoon winds
63
_____ cyclones are not found between 0-8° as there is no Coriolis effect there.
Tropical cyclones
64
Which cyclones are smaller in size - tropical / temperate?
Tropical
65
______ are also known as a weatherless phenomena.
Anti-cyclones
- high pressure in their center and low pressure moving outward
- centre to outward moves clockwise in NH; anticlockwise in SH
66
How is humidity measured?
Hygrometer & sling psychrometer
67
How do you measure relative humidity?
(Absolute humidity / Humidity capacity) x 100
68
When is the temperature said to be at dew-point?
When air is completely saturated with 100% humidity
69
As per international standards, visibility of less that _____ is considered to be fog.
1 km
70
Visibility of 1-2km is considered _____.
Haze
71
_____ rainfall occurs due to ascent of air forced by a mountain barrier.
Orographic
72
The windward side of slopes have ____ clouds and leeward side has ____ clouds.
Cumulous, stratus
73
Types of clouds
- Cirrus: feather looking, high clouds
- Cumulus: heap looking, flat bases and rounded tops
- Stratus: layer type clouds
- Alto: high
- Nimbus: rain clouds
74
Names of high clouds
Cirrus, cirro-cumulus, cirro-stratus
75
Names of middle clouds
Alto-cumulus, alto-stratus
76
Names of low clouds
Strato-cumulus, nimbo-stratus [often gives continuous rain], stratus
77
Names of clouds with vertical extent
Cumulus, cumulo-nimbus [convectional precipitation clouds]
78
Famous grasslands of the world
```
Steppe [Eurasia]
Prairie [USA]
Pampas [Argentina]
Downs [Australia]
Cantebury [New Zealand]
Pustaz [Hungary]
```
79
______ is a line on a map connecting points having equal incidence of a specified meteorological feature.
Isopleth
80
_____ provide the richest fishing grounds in the world. 20% of petrol and gas are also found here.
Continental Shelves
81
The boundary between a continental shelf and slope is called ____.
Andesite Line
82
_____ cover 76% of total oceanic area.
Abyssal / Deep Sea Plains
83
A ridge rising more than 1000m above the ocean floor is called a ______.
Seamount
- flat topped sea mounts are called Guyouts
- formed by volcanic activity
- largest number found in Pacific
84
Coral reefs are formed by the accumulation of skeletons of lime secreting organisms called ______.
Coral polyps
85
Coral Reefs
- mostly found in tropical oceans and seas; need high annual temperature
- not found in deeper parts of ocean due to lack of sunlight
86
_____ corals develop along the continental margins.
Fringing
- they could get detached from shore by the lagoon 'Boat Channel'
- found in Rameshwaram
87
Largest coastal reefs
Barrier reefs
- Found in Nicobar and Lakshadweep
- Great Barrier Reefs in Australia are largest barrier reefs in the world
88
What is coral bleaching?
When corals are stressed (by temperature, light or nutrients) and release the algae living on them, making their colour turn white.
89
Average salinity in ______ hemisphere is greater than ______ hemisphere.
Southern, Northern
90
Most saline water body
Lake Assel [35%]
- Dead sea has 33.7 salinity
