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TISSNET > Geography 1 > Flashcards

Geography 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Who is called the “father of geography”?

A

Eratosthenes

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2
Q

Who was the first to measure the circumference of Earth?

A

Eratosthenes

  • also calculated tilt of Earth’s axis
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3
Q

Who created the first map of the world?

A

Anaximander

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4
Q

Who made the first map of India?

A

Ainville

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5
Q

Who first presented India on the world map?

A

Ptolemy

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6
Q

What is the study of soils in their natural environment called?

A

Pedology

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7
Q

What is the study of the organisms and their relationship with their environment?

A

Biogeography

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8
Q

Which is the galaxy closest to us?

A

Andromeda

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9
Q

Who first proposed that the Sun was the centre of the universe?

A

Copernicus

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10
Q

Who first proposed that the Sun was the centre of the solar system (not universe)?

A

Kepler

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11
Q

Who first demonstrated the existence of galaxies beyond the Milky Way?

A

Edwin Hubble

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12
Q

What are the two missions launched by NASA to study the radiation in the universe?

A

Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE)

Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP)

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13
Q

What are the two missions launched by NASA to study the origins of the solar wind and how it affects Earth?

A

Polarimeter to Unify the Corona and Heliosphere (PUNCH) mission
Tandem Reconnection and Cusp Electrodynamics Reconnaissance Satellites (TRACERS)

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14
Q

What is a star that is bigger than the Sun but not more than twice as big?

A

Neutron star / Pulsar

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15
Q

Which is the brightest star outside our solar system?

A

Sirius (Dog Star)

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16
Q

Which star is closest to our solar system?

A

Proxima Centauri [4.2 light years away]

  • then Alpha Centauri [4.3 light years away]
  • then Bernard’s Star [5.9 light years away]
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17
Q

What is the Chandrashekhar limit?

A

1.44 times the mass of the sun

  • after which the star will either explode (pulsar) or collapse (black hole)
  • predicted by Dr. Chandrashekhar
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18
Q

What is an astronomical unit?

A

Average distance between Sun and Earth

[60,000 AUs = 1 light year]

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19
Q

What is a parsec?

A

Distance from the earth to a star that has a parallax of 1 arc second

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20
Q

Size of solar system

A

10^5 AUs

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21
Q

The electrically charged gases in the Solar System is called _____.

A

Plasma

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22
Q

What are small solar system bodies?

A

Components of solar system other than planets, dwarf plants and their satellites

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23
Q

Which is the most widely accepted theory of planetary formation?

A

Nebular Hypothesis

  • by Laplace
  • Maintains that 4.6 billion years ago, the Solar System formed from the gravitational collapse of a giant molecular cloud which was light years across.
  • Several stars, including the Sun, formed within the collapsing cloud
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24
Q

What causes the energy provided by the Sun?

A

Nuclear Fusion

  • conversion of H to He
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25
Q

What is the surface of the Sun visible to us called?

A

Photosphere

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26
Q

What is above the photosphere?

A

Chromosphere

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27
Q

What is the galactic/cosmic year?

A

The time required for the Sun to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy

  • 224 million years
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28
Q

What are the dark features in the optical spectrum of the Sun called?

A

Fraunhofer lines

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29
Q

Which layer of the sun is observable during an eclipse?

A

Corona

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30
Q

How much time does it take for the Sun’s light to reach Earth?

A

8 min 16 sec

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31
Q

These hot ionised gases pose a threat to satellite communication.

A

Solar flares

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32
Q

What are the streams of photons emitted by the Sun as spiral streams called?

A

Solar winds

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33
Q

What are the solar winds that get trapped by the Earth’s magnetic field called?

A

Aurora

  • Aurora Borealis [North Hem]
  • Aurora Australis [South Hem]
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34
Q

What are the bright spots on the Sun called?

A

Plages

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35
Q

Which spots on the sun affect global climate?

A

Sunspots

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36
Q

What is another name for gaseous planets?

A

Jovian

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37
Q

Biggest satellite in the solar system

A

Ganymede

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38
Q

Green planet in the solar system

A

Uranus

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39
Q

Brightest planet in the solar system

A

Venus

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40
Q

Densest plant

A

Earth

41
Q

Hottest planet

A

Venus

42
Q

Fastest rotation planet

A

Jupiter

43
Q

Slowest rotating planet

A

Venus

44
Q

Smallest satellite

A

Phobos

  • belongs to Mars
45
Q

Morning and Evening star

A

Venus

46
Q

Only satellite with an atmosphere like Earth

A

Titan

47
Q

Which planet has the most satellites in our solar system?

A

Jupiter [67 moons]

  • then Saturn [62 moons]
48
Q

What are the 4 largest moons on Jupiter called?

A

Galilean moons

  • Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto
49
Q

Which planet has the Great Black Spot?

A

Neptune

  • almost the size of Earth
50
Q

The study of the moon is called _____.

A

Selenology

51
Q

The moon is also called a _____ planet.

A

Fossil planet

52
Q

What elements are majorly found on the Moon?

A

Silicon, magnesium, iron

53
Q

What is the Oort cloud?

A

Source of origin of most comets

  • Long-period comets (take > 200 years to complete an orbit around the Sun) come from Oort Cloud.
  • Short-period comets (take < 200 years to complete an orbit around the Sun) come from the Kuiper Belt.
54
Q

What are the three eras that Earth’s geological history is divided into?

A

Palaeozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic

55
Q

Most element found on Earth

A

Iron [35%]

56
Q

How old is the Earth?

A

4.54 billion years

57
Q

The Earth rotates in which direction?

A

West to East

58
Q

The point in the orbit of the moon or a satellite at which it is furthest from the Earth is called _____.

A

Apogee

59
Q

The point in the orbit of the moon or a satellite at which it is nearest to the Earth is called ______.

A

Perigee

60
Q

The point in the orbit of a planet is nearest to the sun is called ______.

A

Perihelion

61
Q

The point in the orbit of a planet is farthest from the sun is called ______.

A

Aphelion

62
Q

Degree of Earth’s incline

A

66.5

63
Q

When are the two equinoxes?

A

21 March [vernal] & 23 Sept [autumnal]

64
Q

When the Sun is right above the Tropic of Cancer it is called _______.

A

Summer solstice

65
Q

When the Sun is right above the Tropic of Capricorn it is called _______.

A

Winter solstice

66
Q

Longest day in Northern Hemisphere

A

21st June

  • also the shortest day in Southern Hemisphere
67
Q

Shortest day in Northern Hemisphere

A

22nd December

  • also the longest day in the Southern Hemisphere
68
Q

Equal day and night in both hemispheres

A

21st March & 23rd Sept

69
Q

How did they decide the Prime Meridian?

A

The line that passes through the Royal Astronomical Observatory in Greenwich [in 1884]

70
Q

What is opposite to the Prime Meridian?

A

International Date Line

71
Q

How many longitudinal zones is earth divided into?

A

24

  • each 1 hour apart
72
Q

Which country has the most amount of time zones?

A

Russia [11]

73
Q

Where is the Earth in a lunar eclipse?

A

Between moon and Sun

  • on a full moon day
74
Q

What is the sequence in a solar eclipse?

A

Sun-moon-Earth

  • shadow of moon falls on earth
  • on a new moon day
75
Q

______ is the thinnest layer on Earth with the least density.

A

Crust

76
Q

____ and ____ together form the Earth’s crust.

A

Sial [Si and Al] & Sima [Si and Ma]

  • silicon, aluminium and magnesium make up the rocks
77
Q

Which layer consists of minerals in a semi-solid state?

A

Mantle

78
Q

The upper part of the mantle is called ______.

A

Asthenosphere

79
Q

The transitional separating the mantle from the core is called ______.

A

Gutenberg Discontinuity

  • Earth’s density and velocity of ‘P’ waves increases
80
Q

The inner core is in solid/liquid/semi-solid state.

A

Solid

  • or crystalline
81
Q

The outer part of the core is in solid/liquid/semi-solid state.

A

Liquid

82
Q

The core is also known as ____.

A

Nife [Ni+Fe]

  • nickel and iron abundance
83
Q

Where is the Lehmann discontinuity?

A

Between Earth’s inner and outer core

84
Q

Which discontinuity lies between the upper and lower crust?

A

Conroad

85
Q

Which discontinuity lies between the crust and mantle?

A

Mohorovicic

86
Q

Which discontinuity lies between the upper and lower mantle?

A

Repetti

87
Q

Who proposed the continental drift theory?

A

Alfred Wegener [1915]

88
Q

According to the continental drift theory, 250 million years ago there was one big continent called Pangea, surrounded by one big ocean called _____.

A

Panthalassa

89
Q

The continental rift cut Pangea from East to West, creating _____ in the North and ____ in the South.

A

Laurasia, Gondwalaland

90
Q

What was the sea called between Laurasia & Gondwalaland?

A

Tethys

91
Q

Who proposed the sea floor spreading theory?

A

Harry Hess

92
Q

Name an example of a transform fault boundary.

A

San Andreas fault

93
Q

Mid oceanic ridges are formed by _____ plate boundaries.

A

Divergent

94
Q

Examples of exogenetic forces

A

Weathering and erosion

  • factors affecting surface of the earth from outside
95
Q

Examples of indogenetic forces

A

Volcanoes, earthquakes, landslides

96
Q

Examples of diastropic forces

A

Mountains, plateaus, plains, lakes, faults

  • aka constructive forces
  • include vertical and horizontal movements
  • operate slowly; effects visible in million years
97
Q

_____ is the strictly vertical movement of a continent forming gentle arches and structural basins.

A

Epirogenic movement/force

  • falls under diastropic forces
98
Q

_____ processes involve mountain building through severe folding and affect long and narrow belts of the earth’s crust.

A

Orogenic

  • aka tangential forces
  • moving in opposite direction: tensional/divergent force; create faulting & cracking
  • moves together: compressional/convergent force; create folding & warping

TISSNET (47 decks)

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