History - Ancient India Flashcards
Man is said to have first appeared in which stage of the evolution of the Earth’s crust?
4th - Pleistocene
Palaeolithic man was also called _____.
Quartzite man
Tools used in early Palaeolithic age
Hand axes, cleavers, choppers
Tools used in middle Palaeolithic age
Flakes-blades, borers & scrapers
Tools used in upper Palaeolithic age
Scrappers & burin
Earliest evidence for domestication of animals in India was found here.
Adamgarh in MP & Bagor in Rajasthan
Site of pre-historic painting in Madhya Pradesh
Bhimbetka
This age was characterised by the use of polished stone tools.
Neolithic age
- earliest farming communities
- first use of potter’s wheel
Oldest Neolithic sites in India
Mehargarh & Baluchistan
First metal to be used.
Copper
People of this age were first to use painted pottery.
Chalcolithic
- black and red pottery with white line designs
- Malwa ware: richest amongst Chalcolithic ceramics
Which age does the Indus Valley Civilisation belong to?
Bronze
Who first discovered Harappa?
Dayaram Sahni [1921]
Who discovered Mohenjodaro?
RD Bannerjea [1922]
- aka Mound of the Dead
Harappan civilisation was named by ____.
John Marshall
Indus valley civ is also called ‘Saraswathi-Sindhu’ civilization because sites were found on ___ river.
Hakra-Ghaggar river
River bank near Harappa
Ravi
River bank near Mohenjodaro
Indus
Oldest Harappan site
Bhirrana
Largest and latest excavated site in India
Dholavira
- RS Bist & JP Joshi
- 1967-68
Place that housed the ruling class in the Indus Valley Civ
Citadel
The Great Bath was located in ____.
Mohenjodaro
Indus Valley were the first to produce this crop in the world.
Cotton
First city without a citadel
Chanhudaro
Who among the following was the first Satavahana King to introduce the Ruler’s head on the coins?
Satkarni I
Garuda was adopted as dynastic emblem after the imperial Guptas by ___?
Rashtrakutas
Chief male deity of Indus Valley Civilization
Pashupati Mahadeva [proto Shiva]
- there is an elephant, tiger, rhino, buffalo and two deer in the figurine
Style of writing from right to left in the first line and then left to right in the second line is called _____.
Boustrophedon
Manchester of Indus Valley Civilization
Lothal
When did the Aryans migrate from Central Asia?
2000-1500 BC
Modern river name of Sindhu
Indus
Modern river name of Vitasta & Askini
Jhelum & Chenub
Rigvedic river name of river Ravi
Parushni
Rigvedic river name of Satluj
Shutudri
Rigvedic river name of Saraswati
Nandi tara
Slaughter of the original inhabitants by Aryans
Dasyuhatya
Measure of time by Aryans
Godhuli
Measure of distance
Gavyuti
Religious advisor of the during during Aryan period was called ____.
Purohit
- most important functionary
____ was a rigvedic God of plants.
Soma
Most important Rigvedic god
Indra
- Breaker of forts
This Rigvedic god was considered to be the Father of the World
Dyaus
God of light to whom the Gayatri mantra is addressed
Savitri
Type of marriage during the Vedic period where the girl was married to a priest as part of his fee
Daiva
Chariot race ritual during the Vedic period where the royal chariot was made to win against kinsmen.
Vajapeya
Ritual during the Vedic period where the king performed sacrifices that gave him supreme power.
Rajasuya
Later vedic period is also known as ____.
Painted greyware phase
The term ‘rashtra’ first appeared in which period?
Later Vedic period
____ refers to the theory of divine origin of kinship in the rigvedic period.
Taittariya Brahmana
____ refers to the civil functionaries in the rigvedic period.
Satapatha Brahmana
Varnas moved from being occupational to hereditary in this period.
Later Rigvedic period
Which upanishad gives the first reference to the 4 ashramas?
Jabala Upanishad
- 4 stages of life: Brahmachariya, Grihaprashta, Vanaprastha, Sanyasa
God of shudras during the later vedic period
Pushan
How many hymns are there in the Rig Veda?
1028
- divided into 10 mandalas
This famous hymn from the Rig Veda explains how the 4 varnas came from the parts of Brahma.
Purushasukta
- mouth, arms, thighs, feet
Which mandala in the Rig Veda contains the Gayatri Mantra?
3rd
Which veda is a collection of melodies.
Sama Veda
- contins dhrupad raga
Which veda deals with the procedure of performing sacrifices?
Yajur Veda
This veda is the book of magical formulae.
Atharva Veda
The Upanishads are also called _____.
Vedarita
- denote the last phase of vedic period
____ reveal the aim of the Vedas.
Upanishads
How many Upanishads are there?
108
____ explain the hidden meaning behind the hymns and Vedas.
Brahmanas
Which Brahmana recommends 100 sacred paths?
Shatapatha Brahmana
- attached to Yajur Veda
Sages in forests explained the Vedic scriptures in the form of ____.
Aranyakas
Who wrote ‘Ashtadhyayi’ on Vyakarna?
Panini
Which vedanga deals with pronunciation?
Shiksha
Which vedanga deals with grammar?
Vyakarna
Which vedanga deals with astronomy?
Jyotisha
Which vedanga deals with etymology?
Nirukta
Which vedanga deals with rituals?
Kalpa
Which upaveda deals with the art of warfare?
Dhanuveda
- upaveda of Yajur veda
Which upaveda deals with art and music?
Gandharavaveda
- upadveda of Soma veda
Which upaveda deals with military technology?
Shastrashastra
- upadveda of Atharva veda
Which upaveda deals with medicine?
Ayur Veda
- upadveda of Rig veda
Mahabharata was written by ___.
Ved Vyas
- older than Ramayana
- 100,000 verses in final compilation
Author of Ramayana
Valmiki
- 24,000 verses
These were the law books written in sloka form.
Dharma Shastra
Oldest and most famous smriti
Manusmriti / Manav Dharma Shastra
What was the name of Gautam Buddha’s only son?
Rahul
At which site, has all the Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic sites been found in sequence?
Belan Valley
The greatest Chera King remembered for building a temple of ‘Kannagi’ the Goddess of Chastity?
Senguttuvan
Oldest republic in the world in the pre-mauryan age.
Lichchhavis
Capital of Gandhara during the pre-mauryan age.
Taxila
Capital of Kasi during the pre-mauryan age.
Varanasi
Magadha was victorious in a battle between which 3 other mahajanapadas?
Kosala, Vatsa & Avanti
Founder of Magadha empire
Jarasandha & Brihadratha
First king to have a standing army
Bimbisara
Son of Bimbisara
Ajatashatru
Buddha died during this king’s reign.
Ajatashatru
- patroned the first Buddhist council
Who convened the second Buddhist Council?
Kalashoka
First non-Kshatriya dynasty
Nanda dynasty
Founder of Nanda dynasty
Mahapadmananda
- aka Ekarat / Sarvakshatrantaka
- aka first empire builder of Indian history
Last Nanda ruler
Dhanananda
Alexander invaded India during whose rule?
Dhanananda
First foreign conqueror to penetrated well into India.
Cyrus of Persia
- enrolled Indians in Persian Army
____ employed Indians in the long war again Greeks.
Xerxes
- successor of Darius
Grandson of Cyrus who invaded north-west India
Darius
Alexander defeated Porus in which battle?
Battle of Hydaspas