General Science - Biology Flashcards
Term ‘Biology’ was coined by:
Lamarck & Treviranus
Father of Biology
Aristotle
- also the Father of Zoology
Father of Botany
Theophrastus
Two phases of metabolism
Anabolism [constructive] & catabolism [destructive]
Basic structural and functional unit of all life
Cell
- Cytology: study of cells
First living cell was discovered by:
Leeuwenhoek
Term ‘cell’ was coined by:
Robert Hooke
Cells that lack well-defined nucleus
Prokaryotes
Cells present in unicellular and multicellular plant & animal cells.
Eukaryotes
Largest known cell
Ostrich egg cells
Smallest known cells
Cells of PPLO
Longest animal cell
Human nerve cell
Largest human cell
Female ovum
Smallest human cell
Red blood cell
Fluid present outside the nuclear membrane
Cytoplasm
Fluid present inside the nuclear membrane
Nucleoplasm
Non-living matter of the cell
Deutoplasm
Another term for cell membrane
Plasmalemma
___ discovered mitochondria
R. Altman
Folds in the mitochondria are called ___.
Cristae
Power house of the cell
Mitochondria
- energy stored as ATP
Kitchen of the cell
Chloroplasts
- plastids are present only in plant cells
Who discovered the endoplasmic reticulum?
KR Porter
- rough ER: protein synthesis
- smooth ER: steroid synthesis & detoxification
Site of protein synthesis in the cell
Ribosome
- discovered by GE Palade
Suicidal bags of the cells
Lysosomes
- discovered by de Duve
- converts normal cells to cancer cells
____ pigment present in cell vacuoles gives colour to flowers.
Anthocyanin
Who discovered the nucleus?
Robert Brown
Controlling center of the cell
Chromatin
- forms chromosomes
Bead like structures found on chromosomes are called ___.
Genes
- made of DNA
Who won the Nobel Prize for their discovery of DNA?
James Watson & Francis Crick
Four bases of DNA
Adenine & guanin [purine bases]
Cytosine & thymine [pyrimidine bases]
Ratio of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in carbohydrates
1:2:1
Examples of monosaccharides
Glucose, ribose, galactose, fructose
How much energy does 1 gm of glucose provide?
4.2 kcal / 17 kJ
Monosaccharide found in fruits & honey
D-fructose
This carbohydrate is also known as invert sugar.
Sucrose
Examples of oligosaccharides
Sucrose, lactose, maltose
Examples of polysaccharides
Cellulose, glycogen, starch
Deficiency of protein causes ___ diseases.
Kwashiorkor [slim legs, bulging stomach]
Marasmus [loose muscles]
This biomolecule prevents heat loss from the body.
Lipids
Vitamins were first discovered by ____.
FG Hopkin
- term coined by C. Funk
Which are the fat-soluble vitamins?
Vitamin A, D, E, K
Which are the water soluble vitamins?
Vitamin B & C
Wernicke-Korsakoff is caused by a deficiency of ____.
Vitamin B
What is a Zoophyte?
Animal that resembles a plant
Normal human blood pressure is:
120/80
In which organ is the ‘Bowman’s Capsule’ found?
Kidney
Ripening of fruits is because of which plant hormones?
Ethylene
A goitre is also called as?
Bronchocele
Rickets is caused due to a deficiency in ____.
Vitamin D
Scurvy (Sailor’s disease) is caused by a deficiency in ____.
Vitamin C
Green vegetables are known to carry this vitamin.
Vitamin K
Life originated on Earth ___ years ago.
3.5 billion
Age of Fishes is known as ____.
Devonian era
Age of Mammals is called _____.
Coenozoic era
Age of Reptiles is called ____.
Mesozoic era
Who proposed the 5 kingdom classification?
Whittaker
- Monera, protista, fungi, plantae, animalia
Amoeba, plasmodium, etc. fall under this phylum.
Protozoa
Sycon and sponges fall under this phylum.
Porifera
Examples of species in the annelida phylum.
Earthworms, leeches
Examples of arthropods.
Crabs, prawns, cockroaches, flies, mosquitoes
____ is the largest phylum.
Arthropoda
All animals in this group are marine.
Echinodermata
- only invertebrate animals with proper bone like structure
First land vertebrates.
Amphibians
The only snake that makes nests.
Cobra
Largest zoo in India
Alipur zoo
Egg laying mammals
Echidna & platypus
- prototherians
This sub-class of mammals bear immature children.
Metatherians
- eg: Kangaroos
Top layer of skin is called _____.
Epidermis
Goitre is caused by a deficiency of ____.
Iodine
Hardest part of the human body
Tooth enamel
Stomach breaks down complex food materials to simple molecules through the process of ____.
Hydrolysis
Starch splitting enzyme in salivary gland.
Ptyalin
- converts starch to maltose
Largest salivary gland in the human body.
Parotid gland
Intestinal juices are acidic / alkaline.
Alkaline
pH of saliva
6.8
The islets of Langerhans are in the ____.
Pancreas
Names of intestinal glands
Crypts of Lieberkuhn
Brunners gland
Frogs breathe through their ____.
Skin
Chambers of the heart that receive blood from blood tissues
Auricles
Chambers of the heart that pump blood to the blood tissues
Ventricles
Sac around the heart
Pericardium
These blood vessel carry pure blood from the heart
Arteries
- pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood
Fibrinogen turns to fibrin during blood clotting due to ___.
Thrombin
These blood vessels have valves in them.
Veins
RBCs are also called ____.
Erythrocytes
WBCs are also called ____.
Leukocytes
Platelets are also called ____.
Thrombocytes
Instrument used to measure blood pressure.
Sphygmomanometer
Number of bones in the axial skeleton.
80
- skull, vertebrae & chest bones
Process of removing excess urea from the blood using an artificial kidney.
Haemodialysis
___- measures electrical activity of the brain.
EEG
___ muscles regulate lens curvature.
Ciliary muscles
Night vision involves rods / cones?
Rods
Area with highest concentration of cones.
Fovea centralis
Daltonism is commonly called ____.
Colour blindness
Where are the adrenal glands located in the body?
Above kidneys
The name of Karl Landsteiner is associated with the discovery of ____.
Human blood groups
Queen of spices
Cardamom
Lepidopterology is a branch of biology which deals with ____.
Moths & butterflies
Largest endocrine gland
Thyroid
- pace setter of endocrine system
This endocrine gland is also known as the master gland.
Pituitary gland
This gland is also known as the energy gland.
Adrenal gland
This gland is also known as the clockwork gland.
Pineal gland
Hepatitis is swelling or inflammation of the ____.
Liver
Bacteria of cholera and TB was discovered by ____.
Robert Koch
Total number of bones in the body
206
Total number of muscles in the body
639
Which organ has the minimum regeneration power?
Brain
____ can clone or amplify small amounts of DNA.
PCR [Polymerase Chain Reaction]
- discovered by Kary Mullis
First vitamin to be produced through a fermentation process using Acetobacter.
Vitamin C
Two groups of plants
Cryptogams & Phanerogams
[non-well defined flowers versus well defined flowers]
