What was the impact of the failure of the Second Crusade? Flashcards
what places did the failure of the second crusade mainly impact?
- Impact in Outremer and Muslim Near East
- Impact on Relations with Byzantium
- Impact on Support from the Latin West
how did the failure of the second crusade impact the county of tripoli?
Raymond of Tripoli felt increasingly vulnerable following Nureddin’s gains and established a greater defensive screen under the control of the Hospitallers east of the Homs gap.
how did the failure of the second crusade impact the principality of antioch?
- Raymond had correctly identified Nureddin and Aleppo as the biggest threat to the crusader states, but this had been ignored by Louis VII
- Summer of 1149: Nureddin invaded the southern part of the principality of Antioch.
- Raymond marched to deal with the threat
- 29 June 1149: battle at Inab
what happened at the battle of Inab?
- Raymond was killed and his forces decisively defeated
- It was a huge victory for Nureddin and it is clear that he was taking the opportunity to swiftly capitalize on his improved reputation as the saviour of Damascus from the Second Crusade.
how did the battle of inab cripple antioch?
Raymond’s death left only an infant son, Bohemond III, and his wife Constance’s refusal to be rapidly married off left the northernmost surviving crusader state leaderless and vulnerable.
how did the failure of the second crusade impact the county of edessa?
- The county of Edessa had utterly collapsed when it had become abundantly clear that no support would come.
- 1150: Joscelin II was captured by Nureddin’s forces whilst seeking aid from Antioch.
what happened to the county of edessa after joscelin ii was captured by nureddin in 1150?
What remained of the county was sold to the Byzantines by his widow (although it was also rapidly lost by them).
why was the loss of edessa important to the other crusader states?
The permanent loss of Edessa was a considerable blow to the Frankish cause; it was resource rich and productive and it was estimated to be capable of supporting 500 knights.
how did the failure of the second crusade impact the kingdom of jerusalem?
- The Second Crusade had done nothing to resolve the conflict between the Baldwin III of Jerusalem and Melisende; neither had gained the advantage by securing Damascus.
- Although Damascus rapidly returned to its alliance with Jerusalem, a gulf emerged between the ruling class who favoured it and the ordinary citizens who were increasingly supportive of Nureddin and the narrative of the Holy War against the Franks as Nureddin’s reputation and power grew in the aftermath of the Second Crusade
how did the failure of the second crusade impact relations with byzantium?
- Major setback for relations between Latins and the Byzantines.
- The main change was the realization by Emperor Manuel I that he needed to alter the Empire’s relations with the crusader states.
why was it unfair to blame the byzantines for the failure of the second crusade?
The Byzantines had not called for it, nor did it serve any direct interest of theirs.
which significant individual virulently criticised byzantium for their lack of support during the second crusade?
Odo of Deuil, a chaplain of Louis VII’s and a participant on the Second Crusade
how did Odo of Deuil criticise Byzantium, after the second crusade?
he wrote a virulently anti-Byzantine account of the expedition; Manuel I was presented as a duplicitous and devious man who flattered the crusaders but secretly worked against them. Odo’s account played to well established Latin prejudices regarding the Greeks
what did the french allege against the byzantines, after the failure of the second crusade?
It was alleged that Manuel had promised to supply the crusade and had failed to do so and that he had actively incited the Turks to attack the crusaders as they crossed Anatolia.
how did manuel i try to alter byzantium’s relations with the crusader states, following the second crusade?
- Whereas, before the crusade, the empire had regarded the northern crusader states of Antioch and Edessa as potential threats, it now perceived that the greater danger might come with their collapse.
- Manuel began to cultivate closer ties with the crusader states, especially with the kingdom of Jerusalem with whom there was far less cause for conflict. Manuel was aware that the kings of Jerusalem exercised a degree of authority over all of the other rulers and found this one profitable way forward.
which crusader state in particular did manuel i try to cultivate closer ties with, following the second crusade?
jerusalem
what are some limitations to the degree to which the failure of the second crusade impacted byzantium?
- The main criticism did not come from Conrad’s followers, who were now close allies of Emperor Manuel I
- The compounding of existing Latin prejudices regarding Greeks, with new ‘evidence’ of betrayal, was to have very long-term consequences for relations between Latins in Western Europe and Byzantium. However, in the short-term the impact was more limited due to a lack of crusading contact.
how did the failure of the second crusade impact support from the latin west?
- There was a widespread reaction against crusading
- Conrad III blamed the Franks for the failure.
- Louis VII had been deterred from aiding Outremer again
- Because of the outcome and the criticism of it, no expedition on a comparable scale would set out from the Latin West for forty years.
why did bernard of clarivaux claim the second crusade had failed?
Bernard argued that the crusaders had not travelled to the holy land with the correct intent and if their hearts had been pure they would have triumphed
who, in the latin west, was particularly blamed for the failure of the second crusade?
Bernard of Clairvaux
why did conrad iii blame the franks for the failure of the second crusade?
- He had tried to get them to aid him in a siege of Ascalon after the failure of the siege at Damascus but they had been unwilling.
- He returned to Germany immediately and had no interest in aiding them again.
why was Louis VII deterred from aiding Outremer again, after the second crusade?
The crusade had been ruinously expensive and resulted in deterioration (and subsequent annulment in 1152) of his marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine
how did the latin west perceive outremer, following the failure of the second crusade?
The notion developed in the Latin West that the Franks were failing to live up to their obligations and had become sinful and decadent.
how did crusading change, following the second crusade?
Crusaders now went in small bands (remission of sins and armed pilgrimage still appealed), led by local nobles and largely on their own initiative; there was nothing coordinated and not on the scale needed
