Disaster in the East: The Second Crusade Flashcards
what called for the Second Crusade?
The papal bull, Quantum praedecessores
what did The papal bull, Quantum praedecessores, make specific reference to?
the fall of edessa
what did Eugenius III encourage christians to do in Quantumn praedecessores?
- Eugenius III implored Christians to reclaim lost territory and defend the Eastern Church.
- Eugenius III had also strongly hinted that the knights of Europe would be lesser men than their fathers if they allowed the successes of the First Crusade to be lost.
why did Eugenius III turned to the charismatic preacher, Bernard of Clairvaux, to recruit people for the second crusade?
Louis VII, king of France, took the cross but the general response was very poor; Louis’s barons were unenthusiastic
where did thousands took the cross 31st March 1146?
at Vezelay in Burgundy
where did Bernard of Clairvaux embark upon an intensive 7-month tour of?
the Low Countries and the Rhineland
what did Bernard of Clairvaux refer to his audience as?
the ‘lucky generation’ because of the opportunity.
why was the second crusade so significant?
No ruling monarch had taken the cross before; now, momentously, 2 had done so
what was the major issue, underlying the second crusade?
Despite the fall of Edessa being in the papal bull, the Second Crusade did not seem to have a single clear, unifying aim.
why did many northern barons claim they should not go on the second crusade?
Many northern German barons declared that they faced danger near home from non-Christian Slavic peoples who lived across the Elbe river.
what did northern german barons want, instead of a crusade to outremer?
They asked for permission to fight the non-Christians Slavic peoples who lived across the Elbe river and be recognised as crusaders for doing so
how was the Wendish Crusade authorised?
Conrad II authorised the ‘Wendish Crusade,’ and Bernard of Clairvaux persuaded Pope Eugenius III to approve it.
who, apart from the actual second crusade, gained crusading privileges at the same time?
- northern german barons; the wendish crusade
- Spanish knights/reconquistadores
why did Spanish knights/reconquistadores gain crusading privileges?
for fighting Muslims in Spain
why was Eugenius III’s decision to give crusading privileges to Spanish knights/reconquistadores for fighting Muslims in Spain a bit silly?
he was merely giving indulgences for an activity that was already under way
what expedition gained crusading status in june 1147?
expedition by Barcelona and Genoa against Almeria in Muslim Spain
why was there an expedition by barcelona and genoa against almeria in june 1147?
the major area was the newly est. kingdom of Portugal which was trying to expand at the expense of the Muslims
which part of the second crusade left for the east first?
conrad iii
what happened as the second crusade armies entered Byzantine lands?
Roger II, Norman king of Sicily and south Italy, launched an attack on the Byzantines
how did the Byzantine emperor Manuel I Comnenus respond to Roger II, Norman king of Sicily and south Italy, launching an attack on the Byzantines?
he made peace with the Seljuk Turks of Iconium (Rum, the greatest Muslim power in Anantolia)
Who refused to recognise Roger II, Norman king of Sicily and south Italy,’s rule?
Manuel I Comnenus and Conrad III
why were Relations between Manuel and the two monarchs of the second crusade difficult
- he had never been enthusiastic about the crusade, which served no Byzantine interest
- he knew that many in the French army were hostile to him and favoured the claims of Roger
- he feared that Conrad may be lured into a Franco-Sicilian alliance against him
- both armies were poorly disciplined and had done great damage on their march through Imperial territory
what route did manuel i suggest to conrad iii?
Manuel suggested that Conrad III should travel down the western coast of Anatolia to the city of Attalia
what route did conrad iii choose to take?
the inland route of the First Crusade via Dorylaeum.
why, perhaps, did Conrad III feel comfortable marching the inland route without Louis VII?
Despite raids by the Turks on the plateau, the larger cities were under Byzantine control and could offer support
how did Conrad III fail to keep his force together at Niacaea?
At Nicaea there were disagreements in his army; sent the infantry under Otto, bishop of Freising, along the coastal route recommended by Manuel.
who took Conrad III’s infantry at NIcaea?
Otto, bishop of Freising
where did the Turks destroy Conrad’s main force Oct 1147?
Dorylaeum
what caused the destruction of Conrad’s main force at Dorylaeum Oct 1147?
Blamed the Byzantine guides, but it is likely that their own lack of discipline was the issue
what happened to Conrad’s infantry?
shortly after 2nd battle of dorylaeum, the Turks also destroyed Ottos’ infantry
what happened to the remnants of conrad iii’s forces?
The remnants joined the French forces that were setting out from Constantinople.
what route did Louis VII take across Anatolia?
Louis took Manuel’s advice and took the more westerly route to Attalia
why did Louis fail to keep his troops in good order in the mountains?
his troops suffered terrible winter conditions and the Turks inflicted heavy losses
what was an issue for Louis VII at Attalia?
Attalia gave the French shelter but had limited food supplies.
why did Louis VII’s forces split at Attalia?
The barons argued that the army was no longer strong enough to force its way to Antioch, and Louis agreed to take them by sea. There were so few ships that he had to abandon the infantry, most of whom perished.
what happened to Louis VII’s infantry?
they perished at Attalia
what did Prince Raymond of Antioch urge Louis VII to do, when he reached Antioch?
attack Aleppo
who ruled Aleppo during the second crusade?
Zengi’s son and successor, Nur ad-Din
why would attacking allepo, as raymond of antioch had suggested to louis vii, have helped outremer?
This may have aided the recovery of Edessa which had prompted the crusade, and secure the northern frontiers of the crusader states
why did prince raymond of antioch and louis vii fall out?
March 1148: Louis arrived at Antioch; Prince Raymond of Antioch urged him to attack Aleppo, which was ruled by Nur ad-Din. But Louis decided to head directly to Jerusalem.
why did prince raymond ii of tripoli and louis vii fall out?
- En route, Louis refused to help Count Raymond II of Tripoli with his own frontier problems
- An offended Count Raymond then refused to join the crusade.
who was involved in the council of Acre?
Louis, along with Conrad III, who had landed at Acre with the remnants of his army, the king of Jerusalem, Baldwin III, and his barons
what was decided at the council of acre?
An attack on Egyptian-held Ascalon was rejected in favour of a move on Damascus
why did the council of acre decide to attack damascus?
although at times an ally of Jerusalem, Damascus was politically unstable, sometimes backed the kingdom’s enemies, and was an obstacle to crusader expansion.
where did the crusaders camp for the siege of damascus?
crusaders arrived in the well-watered orchards on the Damascus’ southern side.
what was an issue with the orchards the crusaders camped in for the siege of damascus?
This was a good place for a camp, but the trees also gave good cover for Damascene attacks
what did the barons persuaded Louis and Conrad to do on the 27th july?
to move into the open plain to the east.
why was the decision to move into the open plain to the east at the siege of damascus a bad idea?
This move was so unwise – a shadeless, waterless plain in the height of summer, next to the strongest part of the city wall – that it prompted accusations of treachery.
what internal squabbles probably negatively impacted the siege o damascus?
Internal squabbles among the Frankish barons, who were split between the parties of Baldwin and Melisende, probably had a negative effect on the siege of Damascus
why did the crusaders withdraw from the siege of damascus?
due to the continuing Damascene raids and a relief force under Nureddin on its way
From the Christian perspective, what were the only positive results of the Second Crusade?
in Iberia:
- 1147: Lisbon and Almeria fell.
- December 1148: Barcelona took Tortosa with the aid of crusaders returning from the East.
how did europe react to the failure of the second crusade?
- In Europe there were bitter recriminations, especially against Bernard of Clairvaux.
- Byzantium was much blamed for the losses in Asia Minor
why was the papacy blamed for the failure of the second crusade?
The papacy had inspired the crusade but had done little to organize or coordinate it.
why should Byzantium not have been blamed for the losses in Asia Minor during the second crusade
the pope had done little to prepare Manuel for the arrival of two enormous and at times ill-disciplined western armies.
what was The root cause of the failure of the second crusade?
probably that Louis VII and Conrad III were poor and inexperienced commanders who failed to cooperate. Divisions among the Franks of the East further confused matters.
what were The main results of the second crusade?
- western suspicion of the settlers
- an estrangement between Byzantium and the crusaders
- a rise in the prestige of Nureddin.
