How successful was crusading 1119-49? Flashcards
what evidence is there that the papacy supported crusading 1119-49?
- Following the defeat at the Field of Blood, Baldwin II asked for help from Pope Calixtus II; his request did not go unanswered
- once the Venetians agreed to participate, the pope sent them his papal banner and at the First Council of the Lateran, he confirmed their crusader privileges (inc. remission of sins) and extended protection to the families and properties of the crusaders
- January 1129: In preparation for crusading, Pope Honorius II approved the new rule for Templars at the Council of Troyes
how were the terms of the Venetian crusade agreed?
through negotiations between the envoys of Baldwin II and the doge of Venice
what aspects regarding crusading did Pope Calixtus II decide at the First Council of the Lateran?
he confirmed their crusader privileges (inc. remission of sins) and extended protection to the families and properties of the crusaders on Venetian Crusade
who led the Venetian crusade?
their doge, Dominico Michiel
how many people/ships were in the Venetian crusade?
a large fleet of 120 ships and over 15,000 men
what successes did the Venetian crusade have?
- May 1123: intercepted, surrounded, and destroyed a Fatimid fleet that had abandoned a blockade at Jaffa and was returning to its base at Ascalon
- 7 July 1124: played a major role in the capture of Tyre - continued the siege for more than a year
where was the Fatimid fleet that the Venetian crusade destroyed going to/from?
abandoned a blockade at Jaffa and was returning to its base at Ascalon
how did Baldwin II gain support for his 1129 Damascus campaign?
- Baldwin II offered the hand of his eldest daughter Melisende, to Fulk of Anjou, and with it the succession to the throne of Jerusalem. Fulk accepted the proposal of marriage to Melisende
- May 1128: Fulk took the cross for the Damascus campaign at Le Mans.
- May 1129: Fulk arrived in the East with a substantial crusading force (~60,000 men) raised by Hugh de Payns and Fulk.
why did Baldwin II offer the hand of his eldest daughter Melisende, to Fulk of Anjou, and with it the succession to the throne of Jerusalem?
he was Eager to secure a larger army for a Damascus campaign and secure the succession in 1127/8
where did Fulk take the cross for the Damascus campaign?
Le Mans
how large was Fulk’s crusading force?
~60,000 men
who raised Fulk’s crusading force?
Hugh de Payns and Fulk.
was the 1129 Damascus campaign approved by the papacy?
Possibly indirectly approved by the Pope at the Council of Troyes in January 1129
what successes did the Damascus crusade have?
- Resulted in the capture of Banias, a town on the road between Tyre and Damascus.
- It was also in the context of preparation for that crusade that Fulk agreed to marry Melisende (1127/28), thus providing a strong and suitable male ruler for Jerusalem.
what successes did the second crusade have?
- led to the capture of Lisbon in Portugal.
- 1147: In Spain, Almeria fell with the aid of crusaders
- Dec 1148: In Spain, Christian ruler of Barcelona took Tortosa with the aid of returning crusaders.
what failures did the Venetian crusade have?
Winter 1122/23: Unsuccessfully sought to capture the Byzantine island of Corfu, further embittering relations.
why did the Venetians try to capture Corfu winter 1122/23?
John II Komnenos had refused to honour the trading privileges that Alexios had granted to the Venetians after Byzantium’s war with the Normans; Venice had conquered Corfu for Byzantium and now wanted it back
why did the Venetians abandon their siege of Corfu in 1123?
Abandoned siege in early spring, as they received word of Baldwin’s capture
what failures did the the damascus crusade have?
- Like Bohemond’s visit to the West in 1105, the initiative for this crusade came from Latins in the East. However, unlike his appeal there seems to have been no papal endorsement for this crusade
- November 1129: Fulk took part in Baldwin II’s militarily unsuccessful attack on Damascus.
what issues could the lack of official papal backing for 1129 damascus crusade have caused?
- perhaps points to a lack of clarity in how crusades should be started
- Papal backing and initiation of preaching a crusade might promote greater take-up in W. Europe
what tactical failures/mistakes did Conrad III make on the Second Crusade?
- 1147: Conrad III refused to wait for the French forces at Constantinople.
- Conrad III travelled overland against Manuel.
- Conrad III fell into a trap at the second battle of Dorylaeum, even though Turkish tactics were well known.
what tactical failures/mistakes did Louis VII make on the Second Crusade?
- Louis VII of France abandoned most of his own forces at Attalia; they were left to fend for themselves and were massacred.
- Louis VII did not see that the main danger to Outremer came from Nureddin.
- Louis VII failed to help Raymond II of Tripoli in his own border disputes and thus alienated this powerful Frankish leader.
where did Conrad III refuse to wait for the French forces?
at constantinople
where did Conrad III fall into a trap?
at the second battle of Dorylaeum, even though Turkish tactics were well known.
where did Louis VII abandon most of his forces?
Attalia
what impact did Louis VII’s failure to see that the main danger to Outremer came from Nureddin have?
He failed to use his forces where they would have been most effective, in alliance with Raymond of Antioch against Aleppo.
what military failures did the second crusade have?
- Conrad III failed to keep his army unified after Nicaea
- July 1148: siege of Damascus failed due to a lack of leadership.
- Conrad III planned to besiege Ascalon after the failure at Damascus, but no other forces arrived to join him, so he left.
where did Conrad III fail to keep his army unified?
after Nicaea
where did Conrad III plan to besiege after the failure at Damascus?
Ascalon
why did the siege of Damascus fail?
- poor leadership; The move from the well watered and provisioned orchards in the west to the more barren eastern walls was disastrous.
- The divisions within the force at Damascus as to who would hold the city after it was captured (Thierry of Flanders or Guy I Brisebarre) demonstrate poor leadership. The divisions between the Crusader forces and the native Franks were clear.
